Rational Selection of Antimicrobial Drugs for Treatment of Infections of Horses

Brumbaugh, Gordon W.

doi:10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30698-3

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In comparison, the oral bioavailability found in the present investigation was calculated to be approximately 17% after intragastric administration. The lower oral bioavailability in horses compared to other monogastric species is well known (Brumbaugh, 1987). An even lower oral bioavailability of 6% was observed with doxycycline administered as topdressing, demonstrating that large amounts of drug are lost to the gastrointestinal tract and maybe inactivated in the feed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial disposition in pulmonary epithelial lining fluid of horses, Part II. Doxycycline

Winther

Hansen

Baptiste

et al. 2010

Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

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Doxycycline concentrations, following two types of oral administration to horses, in pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF) were examined and compared to plasma concentrations. The oral bioavailability was estimated from plasma concentrations achieved after an intravenous study in two horses. Doxycycline (10 mg/kg) was administered either intragastric or as topdressing to nonfasted horses. Blood samples were collected for drug analysis, before and 11 times after administration during 24 h. PELF samples were collected by a tampon device four times after drug administration and analysed for doxycycline concentrations. Another two horses received doxycycline intravenously at a dose of 3 mg/kg and plasma was taken 14 times during a 24- h period. The oral bioavailability of doxycycline was calculated to 17% after intragastric administration and 6% after topdressing administration in nonfasted horses. The degree of penetration of doxycycline into PELF, as described by AUC(PELF) /AUC(plasma) ratios, was 0.87 after intragastric administration. The results indicate that clinically relevant doxycycline concentrations are possible to maintain in PELF after intragastric administration. Furthermore, if bioavailability could be enhanced for per os administration, doxycycline might be a valuable drug for the treatment of lower airway infections in horses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial disposition in pulmonary epithelial lining fluid of horses, Part II. Doxycycline

Winther

Hansen

Baptiste

et al. 2010

Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

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“…Lincomycin should not be used systemically in the horse because it can cause severe diarrhoea (Huber 1988) but it can be safely used as a topical antibiotic in intra-operative lavage solutions. Although erythromycin can be used systemically, it can potentially cause diarrhoea (Brumbaugh 1987). Rifampin is effective against coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative staphylococci, Streptococcus, Rhodococcus equi, Corynehacterium and most strains of Bacteroides and Clostridium (Frank 1990).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates from 233 horses with musculoskeletal infection during 1979–1989

Moore

Schneider

Kowalski

et al. 1992

Equine Veterinary Journal

145

134

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Summary Bacterial culture and susceptibility results were analysed from 233 horses with septic arthritis/tenosynovitis or osteomyelitis that developed after fracture repair. Antibiotics were deemed highly effective, effective or ineffective if ≤85%, 70–84.9% or <70% of the isolates were susceptible respectively. In total, 424 bacterial types were isolated; 386 were aerobic or facultative and 38 were anaerobic. Enterobacteriaceae (28.8%) were the most common bacterial group isolated, followed by non‐beta‐haemolytic streptococci (13.0%), coagulase‐positive staphylococci (11.8%), beta‐haemolytic streptococci (9.4%), and coagulase‐negative staphylococci (73%). The remainder of the organisms were other Gram‐negative (15.8%), other Gram‐positive (2.3%) and miscellaneous (2.6%) bacteria. Penicillin and ampicillin were highly effective against beta‐haemolytic streptococci, but were ineffective against other bacteria. Ampicillin was no more effective than penicillin against most bacteria. Amikacin was the most effective antibiotic against the wide range of bacteria isolated in this study. Amikacin was highly effective against coagulase‐positive staphylococci, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas and was effective against coagulase‐negative staphylococci and Actinobacillus. Gentamycin was not highly effective against any bacterial group; but was effective against coagulase‐positive and negative staphylococci, Pseudomonas, Salmonella and Actinobacillus. Kanamycin was ineffective against all bacteria with the exception of Actinobacillus. Cephalothin was highly effective against beta‐haemolytic streptococci, coagulase‐positive staphylococci and Actinobacillus and was effective against coagulase‐negative staphylococci. Cephalothin is a very useful antibiotic for Gram‐positive organisms, especially staphylococci, which are an important cause of iatrogenic infections. Trimethroprim‐sulphonamides were highly effective against Actinobacillus and were effective against coagulase‐positive staphylococci, beta‐haemolytic streptococci, non‐beta‐haemolytic streptococci and Rhodococcus equi. Due to the narrow spectrum of activity of trimethoprim‐sulphonamides against the common pathogenic organisms, these drugs should be used only after culture and susceptibility results are known. Erythromycin was highly effective against coagulase‐positive staphylococci, beta‐haemolytic streptococci and Rhodococcus equi and was effective against coagulase‐negative staphylococci. Chloramphenicol was effective against a wide range of organisms, but it cannot be recommended because of the human health hazard associated with handling this drug. Other less commonly used antibiotics were effective against some types of bacteria. The combination of a cephalosporin and amikacin provides the best coverage against the bacteria isolated in this study. These are the antibiotics that should be considered when treating horses with musculoskeletal infection before culture and susceptibility results are known. However, these drugs are not recommended for prophylaxis in ...

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“…There are two main reasons for this fact. The first is the low bioavailability of most orally administered antibiotics in the horse (Brumbaugh, 1987) and the second is the fear of inducing dysbacteriosis (White & Prior, 1982;Cook, 1973).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioavailability of oral penicillins in the horse: a comparison of pivampicillin and amoxicillin

Ensink

Klein

Mevius

et al. 1992

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

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The pharmacokinetics of ampicillin and amoxicillin following intravenous administration at a dose rate of 15 and 10 mg/kg respectively were studied in four healthy adult horses. Pharmacokinetics of pivampicillin and amoxicillin were studied after oral administration to four healthy adult horses. Pivampicillin, a prodrug of ampicillin, was administered orally to starved and fed horses at a dose rate of 19.9 mg/kg, which is equivalent on a molecular basis to 15 mg/kg ampicillin. Amoxicillin was administered orally to starved horses only, at a dose rate of 20 mg/kg. Ampicillin and amoxicillin concentrations in plasma, synovial fluid and urine were determined. Mean biological half-life of intravenously administered ampicillin and amoxicillin was 1.72 and 1.43 h respectively, whilst the distribution volume (Vss) appeared to be 0.180 and 0.192 1/kg. Orally administered pivampicillin and amoxicillin were rapidly absorbed. A maximum concentration in plasma of 3.80 micrograms/ml was reached 2 h after administration of pivampicillin to starved horses; in fed horses a maximum concentration of 5.12 micrograms/ml was reached 1 h after administration. After oral administration of amoxicillin a maximum concentration of 2.03 micrograms/ml was reached after 1 h. The (absolute) bioavailability of pivampicillin administered orally was 30.9% in starved horses and 35.9% in fed horses. The bioavailability of amoxicillin administered orally was 5.3% in starved horses.

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Rational Selection of Antimicrobial Drugs for Treatment of Infections of Horses

Cited by 17 publications

References 23 publications

Antimicrobial disposition in pulmonary epithelial lining fluid of horses, Part II. Doxycycline

Antimicrobial disposition in pulmonary epithelial lining fluid of horses, Part II. Doxycycline

Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates from 233 horses with musculoskeletal infection during 1979–1989

Bioavailability of oral penicillins in the horse: a comparison of pivampicillin and amoxicillin

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