Due to their defined structure, proteins are suitable building blocks for the bottom鈥恥p construction of multi鈥恈omponent materials. Especially protein containers, with their inherent cavity, can be used to encapsulate synthetic components such as inorganic nanoparticles. This way, multi鈥恈omponent discrete structures can be assembled. With recent advances in computational protein design, novel protein containers were successfully created, with a high potential for application in biomedicine and materials research. Moreover, engineered protein containers offer a unique building block for the self鈥恆ssembly of three鈥恉imensional materials. They combine the molecular precision of proteins with nanoscale dimensions. Designed interactions lead to novel protein scaffolds. In addition, nanoparticles encapsulated inside the container cavity introduce orthogonal functionality, important for the realization of nanostructured biomimetic materials with emergent properties.