“…These repair and modification processes are energy intensive and will conflict with the high energy demands of neural functioning that occur during wakefulness. Thus, sleep deprivation, sleep apnea, and insomnia, where the wake state is prolonged (and repair impaired), aggravate oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and apoptosis (Besedovsky et al, 2019; Mahalakshmi et al, 2022; Suresh et al, 2021; Villafuerte et al, 2015; Wang & Aton, 2022), and degrades effective cognitive and immune function while sleep is restorative (e.g., Besedovsky et al, 2019; Klinzing et al, 2019; K. T. Li et al, 2022; Raven et al, 2019; Wunderlin et al, 2021).…”