“…The ability to computationally engineer protein sequences has a wide range of applications ranging from therapeutics ( Fosgerau and Hoffmann, 2015 ; Khera and Maity, 2019 ), to vaccines ( Li and Li, 2020 ; Liu et al , 2020 ; Malonis et al , 2020 ; Zhou et al , 2020 ), sensors ( Karimzadeh et al , 2018 ; Merkx et al , 2019 ) or protein-based materials ( Capezza et al , 2019 ; de la Rica and Matsui, 2010 ). While there has been progress toward designing protein folds, much improvement is needed for the redesign or de novo design of protein–protein interfaces (PPIFs).…”