Rational Analysis of Electric Fields in Live Line Working

Barnes, H. C.; McElroy, A. J.; Charkow, Joel H.

doi:10.1109/tpas.1967.291858

Cited by 41 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Estimates show that the electric fields induced within the body of a man or animal exposed to a 60-Hz electric field are much smaller than the fields outside the body [Barnes et al, 1967;Phillips et al, 1976;Sheppard and Eisenbud, 19771. This is true because the applied electric field is almost completely cancelled, inside the body, by a second field whose source is electric charge which has moved to, or very near, the surface of the body [Reitz and Milford, 19601 .…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The validity of this approach is based on the fact, discussed earlier, that the electric field outside the body of an exposed animal depends only on body shape and proximity to the ground plane. Barnes et al [1967] first used this approach with hemispheroids; the extension of their analysis to hemi-ellipsoids is straightforward [Phillips et al, 19781. Assuming a height of 6.8 cm, a length of 19.6 cm, and a width of 7.2 cm (volume = 500 cm3 corresponding to a 500-g rat), the calculated field at the top of the back is 37 kV/m.…”

Section: Surface Electric Field Calculations For Ratsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Published theoretical estimates indicate that the actual fields to which a subject is exposed -the fields at the exterior surface and inside the body -are different from the unperturbed field and depend on body shape [Barnes et al, 1967;Schneider et al, 1974;Deno, 1977;Sheppard and We will treat the case of a subject (human or animal) standing on and in electrical contact with a ground plane (eg, the earth's surface) and exposed to an unperturbed electric field which is uniform and vertical. The reasons for the selection of this configuration are: 1) questions have been raised about possible biological effects resulting from exposure of humans or other animals to 60-Hz electric fields produced by high-voltage transmission lines [Sheppard and Eisenbud, 1977;Phillips and Kaune, 19771 , where the unperturbed ground-level fields are approximately vertical and uniform [Poznaniak et al, 1977;Deno, 19781 ; 2) while humans standing on the ground may or may not be grounded [EPRI, 1975;Bracken, 19761 , calculations show that the greatest fields and currents are induced in the body when the subject is grounded [Spiegel, 1977;DlPlacido et al, 19781 ; 3) laboratory animals are commonly exposed to this field configuration to simulate transmission-line fields and with their bodies grounded to minimize possible electric-shock artifacts during exposure [Phillips et al, 1976;Kaune et al, 1978;Phillips et al, 19781.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of the coupling of grounded humans, swine and rats to vertical, 60‐Hz electric fields

Kaune¹,

Phillips²

1980

Bioelectromagnetics

106

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Published and new data for grounded humans, swine, and rats exposed to vertical, 60-Hz electric fields are used to determine field strengths at the surfaces of the bodies and average components of induced-current density along the axes of the bodies. At the tops of the bodies, surface electric fields are increased (enhanced) over the unperturbed field strength present before the subjects entered the field by factors of 17, 7, and 4 for humans, swine, and rats, respectively. For an unperturbed field strength of 10 kV/m, average induced axial current densities in the neck, chest, abdomen, and feet are: 550, 190 250, and 200 nA/cm2, respectively, for humans; 40, 13, 20, and 1100 nA/cm2, respectively, for swine; and 28, 16, 2, and 1400 nA/cm2, respectively, for rats. These data are used to show that the actual electric fields experienced by animals depend strongly on the shape of the body and its orientation relative to the electric field and ground plane. This fact must be taken into account if biological data obtained with laboratory animals are to be used for the assessment of possible hazards to humans exposed to 60-Hz electric fields.

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Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Surface Electric Field Calculations For Ratsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of the coupling of grounded humans, swine and rats to vertical, 60‐Hz electric fields

Kaune¹,

Phillips²

1980

Bioelectromagnetics

106

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“…external field to which it is exposed [Barnes et al, 1967;Sheppard and Eisenbud, 1977;Kaune and Phillips, 19801, and, for modeling and mathematical purposes, it may be approximated as zero when compared to the field outside the body. In this approximation, the effect of an external electric field is to induce a charge density on the surface of the body [Reitz and Milford, 19601.…”

Section: Use Of Models To Study Interactive Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactive effects in 60‐HZ electric‐field exposure systems

Kaune

1981

Bioelectromagnetics

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The level of exposure of laboratory animals to 60-Hz electric fields is commonly specified in terms of the unperturbed field strength present before the introduction of experimental subjects and their cages. In the research reported in this paper, rats were housed in two parallel rows in 12.4 cm x 25.1 cm x 10.2 cm high plastic cages resting on the lower electrode of a parallel-plate exposure system, and the actual perturbed electric fields experienced by an experimental animal were investigated. The most important results are: 1) Reducing the spacing between the exposure electrodes from 8.7 to 1.7 times the height of a singly exposed rat model, while maintaining a constant unperturbed field strength, resulted in a 15% increase in the electric field at the highest point on the surface of the body and a 10% increase in the short-circuit current of the model. 2) For multiple animal exposures, increases of 10% in both the field at the highest point of the body and the short-circuit current were observed when the electrode spacing was reduced from 8.7 to 2.6 times the height of a rat. 3) Plastic cages caused 1--6% reductions in the electric field at the surface of the body, except very near the cage walls, where enhancements of more than 20% were observed. 4) When 16 rats were simultaneously exposed, the short-circuit current, IS, of an individual subject of weight W (in g), that was surrounded on all sides by other rats of weight W, was reduced from the short-circuit current, IU, measurement with the same subject individually exposed as follows: during a 12 h light (sleeping) cycle, IS/IU = 1.00 -- 0.0173W 1/2; during a 12 h night (awake) cycle, IS/IU = 1.00 -- 0.0136W 1/2.

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“…Monte-Carlo technique [5], also is used which lends itself to more detailed geometrical modeling. Finite-difference methods [6], is used but with a large number of grid points. Moment method techniques [7], assume a body made up from a combination of thin cylindrical sections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Charge simulation modeling for calculation of electrically induced human body currents

Talaat

2010

2010 Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectic Phenomena

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A new method is described for investigating the distribution of the electric field in the human body subjected to high voltage. The electric field distribution is obtained from Laplace's equation. This method of analysis is based on the charge simulation method coupled with genetic algorithms to determine the appropriate arrangement, optimum number and radius of simulating ring charges inside the human body. The presented model for simulating electrical field is a three dimensional field problem. The results have been assessed through comparison with the magnitude of total induced charge and its distribution over the body surface, as estimated in other experimental and computational work. The accuracy of the simulation is satisfied for the potential error, (not more than 1 %), and the field deviation angle, (not more than 5 degree) over the human body.

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Rational Analysis of Electric Fields in Live Line Working

Cited by 41 publications

References 4 publications

Comparison of the coupling of grounded humans, swine and rats to vertical, 60‐Hz electric fields

Comparison of the coupling of grounded humans, swine and rats to vertical, 60‐Hz electric fields

Interactive effects in 60‐HZ electric‐field exposure systems

Charge simulation modeling for calculation of electrically induced human body currents

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