Ratiometric fluorescent probes for pH mapping in cellular organelles

Abstract

Intracellular pH (pHi) in organelles, including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, and nuclei, differ from cytoplasmic pH, and maintaining the pH of those organelles is crucial for cellular homeostasis. Alteration of...

Chronological development of functional fluorophores for bio-imaging

“…[30][31][32] These tools have unlocked fresh possibilities for precisely monitoring organelle dysfunction, a crucial factor in maintaining cellular homeostasis. 33 They play a pivotal role in cell staining, biomolecule tracking, and identifying specific bioanalytes. Moreover, these fluorophores serve as invaluable markers for proteins, allowing for the precise targeting of specific biomolecules through chemical or biological means.…”

“…Small molecular fluorophores have been extensively used in cell biology experiments, diagnostics, and clinical applications. 8,[33][34][35] Recently, researchers have skillfully designed small molecular probes tailored to specific organelles. [33][34][35][36] The primary strategy for precise organelle targeting involves the conjugation of a functional group with the fluorophore to guide it to the intended organelles.…”

“…8,[33][34][35] Recently, researchers have skillfully designed small molecular probes tailored to specific organelles. [33][34][35][36] The primary strategy for precise organelle targeting involves the conjugation of a functional group with the fluorophore to guide it to the intended organelles. 8,37,38 This approach is favoured for its straightforwardness and effectiveness in bio-sensing and imaging technology.…”

Ratiometric fluorescence detection of Hg2+ based on gold nanocluster/carbon quantum dots nanohybrids

“…20,21 Ratiometric fluorescence assay can greatly minimize the influence of the instrument, background, and environmental signals, and improve quantification and accuracy through the measurement of the ratio of two signals. 22,23…”

Sensing Mechanism and Excited-State Dynamics of a Widely Used Intracellular Fluorescent pH Probe: pHrodo

“…A large number of fluorescent pH probes have been developed on the basis of existing fluorophores, such as rhodamine, fluorescein, cyanine, triangulenium, bodipy, etc., to probe intracellular pH. − Among the developed fluorescent pH probes, pHrodo with a rhodamine-like structure is a commercially available and widely used fluorescent pH probe for monitoring pH values in biological systems, , such as monitoring the activity of the prototypic proton-pumping P-type adenosine triphosphatases at the single-molecule level, detection of acidic regions due to atherosclerotic lesions, and understanding how bitter taste receptors function in signaling for the immune system to activate airway diseases . Despite its wide applications, the sensing mechanism of pHrodo, especially its excited-state dynamics, is not yet well understood.…”