“…AFP threshold is 20 ng/mL [10]. To date, many methods have been used to measure AFP, including mass spectrometry [11], fluorescence [12], chemiluminescence assay [13], enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [14], radioimmunoassay [15], and electrochemistry. Among these strategies, electrochemical immunoassays have been widely developed and are the prefer technique to quantitatively detect AFP, due to their inherent advantages, including low detection lines, low-cost ease of handling, and small amounts of analytes.…”