Ratio of IL-8 in CSF Versus Serum Is Elevated in Patients with Unruptured Brain Aneurysm

Abstract

Only scarce data pertaining to interleukin 8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) chemokines in human aneurysm can be found in the current literature. Therefore, the aim of this study was the evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum IL-8 and MCP-1 concentration in unruptured intracranial aneurysm (UIA) patients (n = 25) compared to the control group (n = 20). IL-8 and MCP-1 concentrations were measured with ELISA method. We demonstrated that CSF IL-8 concentration of UIA patients is significantly higher (p < 0.001) than that presented in the serum, which can indicate its local synthesis within central nervous system. CSF IL-8 concentration was also significantly related to aneurysm size, which may reflect the participation of IL-8 in the formation and development of brain aneurysms. IL-8 Quotient (CSF IL-8 divided by serum IL-8) in UIA patients was statistically higher compared to control individuals (p = 0.045). However, the diagnostic utility analysis did not equivocally indicate the diagnostic usefulness of the IL-8 Quotient evaluation in brain aneurysm patients. Nevertheless, this aspect requires further study.

IL-6 Quotient (The Ratio of Cerebrospinal Fluid IL-6 to Serum IL-6) as a Biomarker of an Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysm

“…Additional VSMCs phenotypic modulation results in the loss of their contraction capacity via the downregulation in expression of contractile genes (eg, myocardin), and upregulation of genes that may affect the rigidity or elasticity of the vascular wall (eg, collagen alfa2(I) gene) as well as proinflammatory genes (eg, MMPs, CCL2/MCP-1, VCAM 1, and ILs). [2][3][4]8,11,14,21,26,[28][29][30] 35 In turn, Saitou et al and Schulzke et al demonstrated normal tight junction morphology and normal barrier transport in mice with congenital total occludin deficiency, 36,37 which contradicts the theory of Tada et al 35 A detailed analysis of markers used to assess both barriers: QAlb, S100, and NSE proteins indicated that UIA patients included in our study possessed barriers in the proper condition. Moreover, in UIA patients neither QAlb nor S100 and NSE concentration correlated with CSF IL-6 levels.…”

“…Taking into account the role of IL-6 in driving inflammation, 29 we may hypothesize its role in intracranial aneurysm formation. In this regard, IL-6 may be essential, as it enhances the inflammatory process within the vascular endothelium and the synthesis of molecules involved in the formation of brain aneurysms 21,[30][31][32][33][34] (Figure 7). Since the disturbances in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) may affect final protein concentration in the CSF, 25 we also analyzed IL-6 levels depending on the condition of the above-mentioned barriers.…”

“…IL-6 also increases the c-myc mRNA expression directly stimulating DNA synthesis, which promotes vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMCs) proliferation. Additional VSMCs phenotypic modulation results in the loss of their contraction capacity via the downregulation in expression of contractile genes (eg, myocardin), and upregulation of genes that may affect the rigidity or elasticity of the vascular wall (eg, collagen alfa2(I) gene) as well as proinflammatory genes (eg, MMPs, CCL2/MCP-1, VCAM 1, and ILs) [2][3][4]8,11,14,21,26,[28][29][30]. Abbreviations: CAMs, cell adhesion molecules; CCL2/MCP-1; (C-C motif) ligand 2/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; CNS, central nervous system; ECs, endothelial cells; IL-1β, interleukin 1 beta; IL-8, interleukin 8; ILs, interleukins; IP-10, interferon gamma-induced protein 10; MIG, monokine induced by gamma interferon; MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases; mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated leukocytes, normal T-cell expressed and secreted; RANTES, regulated on activation; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; VCAM1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; VCAM2, vascular cell adhesion molecule 2; VSMCs, vascular smooth muscle cells; WSS, wall shear stress.…”

Myelin-associated proteins are potential diagnostic markers in patients with primary brain tumour

“…A brain tumour remission in medical history was the exclusion criterion. The comparative group was composed of 24 non-tumoural subjects (5 males/19 females; median age 59 years, with an age range from 30 to 70 years) with an unruptured intracranial aneurysm, which is usually asymptomatic [ 14 ] and discovered incidentally [ 14 , 15 ]. The exclusion criteria included: cancer in medical history or acute/chronic inflammatory diseases.…”

Bioinformatic Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes and Pathways in Intracranial Aneurysm

“…In addition, the concentration of IL-8 secreted by endothelial cells and leukocytes (including macrophages) in the wall of aneurysms is higher in the lumen of human IAs than in femoral arteries [16]. Another study also found that CSF IL-8 concentration was significantly correlated with the size of IAs, which implied that IL-8 participates in the formation and development of IAs [17]. There is no study about the relationship between the PTPRC gene and IAs.…”