Rates of DSM–IV–TR trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder among newly matriculated college students.

Read, Jennifer P.; Ouimette, Paige; White, Jacquelyn W.; Colder, Craig R.; Farrow, Sherry

doi:10.1037/a0021260

Cited by 245 publications

(233 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(88 reference statements)

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“…Research into lifetime trauma exposure in college-aged individuals suggests rates from 66% (Read, Ouimette, White, Colder, & Farrow, 2011) to 84% (Vrana & Lauterbach, 1994). In the present sample, lifetime trauma exposure (outside of study abroad) was even more prevalent for the group who had experienced study-abroad trauma (98.7% had non-study-abroad trauma history).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Experience of a Lifetime: Study Abroad, Trauma, and Institutional Betrayal

Wright

Smith

Freyd

2016

Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma

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iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank those people who lent me their support and energy during the nearly two years of conducting this project. To my committee, Dr. Jennifer Freyd, Dr. Carly Smith, and Dr. Joseph Fracchia: I cannot express enough thanks for your continued support and encouragement. Jennifer, when I sat down in your class nearly two years ago, I did not know I was about to discover one of my great passions. Thank you for showing me it is possible to be an activist, a scholar, and a compassionate human being. Carly, thank you for being an ever-conscientious and intentional mentor.Professor Fracchia, thank you for giving me new lenses to see the world's flaws, and the hope that we will find a way to change them. You never failed to supply snacks or kind words when I needed them most. iv Table of ContentsIntroduction 1 Background 3 Purpose 11 Method 12 Participants 12Procedure 13 Measures 15 Data Preparation and Analysis 19Results 22 Discussion 30 Limitations 38 Conclusion 40Bibliography 41 actions to be supportive, and she was undoubtedly balancing the confusing, possibly conflicting, obligations to protect institution, law, and student. However, the administrator's actions left Mallory feeling it was "impossible to begin healing" until there was evidence of the program improving measures for student safety, and changing the response to incidents students experience.When Mallory wrote to the administrator to ask to discontinue contact, the administrator complied. Unfortunately, there were still further negative outcomes. The two professors who were most helpful to Mallory following the assault-who took her1 The student's true name was not released to the public. 2 The perpetrator has not been identified; it is not clear whether the assailant was a fellow student or a member of the host country. Mallory labels the mishandled response from her study abroad program as a "revictimization" that was "intrusive" during the time she should have been allowed to begin the process of recovery. Indeed, in an open letter to her college and the study abroad program, Mallory stated that changes to the emergency protocol of the school and study abroad program, would be necessary "in order to make this situation right, to allow my healing process to truly begin, and quite honestly, to sleep soundly at night" (Smyth, 2014).Research from the field of psychology suggests not only that exposure to traumatic events while studying abroad is common, but also that the way in which institutions respond has the potential to exacerbate a student's negative reaction to that event. Given the paucity of research about study-abroad programs, the present study aims to explore both the prevalence of students' exposure to traumatic events during study abroad, and the effects of the institutional culture and actions on the after-effects of traumatic events experienced during study abroad.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Experience of a Lifetime: Study Abroad, Trauma, and Institutional Betrayal

Wright

Smith

Freyd

2016

Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma

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“…Twenty-two of the 32 articles reviewed have noted a relationship between PTSD and gender (see Nooner et al Elklit, 2002). Similar to that in adult populations (Kessler et al, 1995), a common finding in adolescence is that while males and females experience an equal number of traumatic events, adolescent females are typically twice as likely to develop PTSD (Breslau et al, 2004;Brosky & Lally, 2004;Elklit, 2002;Kilpatrick et al, 2003;Read et al, 2011;Reeybe et al, 2000). Furthermore, adolescent females have been found to be at greater risk for PTSD-related cognitions following trauma, indicating that they had more lasting negative views of the world and themselves (Ma et al, 2011).…”

Section: Gendermentioning

confidence: 95%

Factors Related to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adolescence

Nooner

Linares²,

Batinjane

et al. 2012

Trauma, Violence, & Abuse

142

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Studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adolescence published from 2000 to 2011 indicate that adolescents are at greater risk of experiencing trauma than either adults or children, and that the prevalence of PTSD among adolescents is 3-57%. Age, gender, type of trauma, and repeated trauma are discussed as factors related to the increased rates of adolescent PTSD. PTSD in adolescence is also associated with suicide, substance abuse, poor social support, academic problems, and poor physical health. PTSD may disrupt biological maturational processes and contribute to the long-term emotion and behavior regulation problems that are often evident in adolescents with the disorder. Recommendations are presented for practice and research regarding the promotion of targeted prevention and intervention services to maximize adolescents' strengths and minimize vulnerabilities. Public policy implications are discussed.Keywords adolescent, trauma, posttraumatic stress, abuse, development, risk factors, suicidality, substance use Key Points of the Research Review Trauma in AdolescenceFour of five adolescents meet DSM criteria for exposure to a serious traumatic event. Of these, 3-57% meet diagnostic criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Child maltreatment is a common type of trauma for those under 18. There were over 2 million reported cases in the United States in 2008, which likely represents a fraction of the actual incidents of abuse and neglect. PTSD in AdolescenceThe average rate of adolescent PTSD was nearly 14% among studies conducted in the last decade. Rates of PTSD in adolescence are related to type of trauma. Trauma that is associated with more shame and deviance is associated with higher rates of PTSD (e.g., for sexual abuse 57% have PTSD vs. 10% for natural disasters). Risk Factors for PSTDRates of traumatic exposure peak in adolescence compared to adulthood, which is associated with correspondingly higher rates of PTSD (adult PTSD 7% vs. adolescent PTSD 13%). Adolescent females are twice as likely to develop PTSD following a significant trauma than males. Repeated trauma, regardless of type, heightens the probability of PTSD symptoms and diagnosis. Adolescents with less social support are more likely to experience trauma and develop PTSD.Serious physical health problems increase risk of PTSD in adolescence. Correlates of PTSDAdolescents with PTSD are significantly more likely to have failed a grade or to have been suspended than those without PTSD. Over 80% of individuals with PTSD have a comorbid substance-use disorder, typically beginning in adolescence. Approximately 6% of adolescents with PTSD have made a suicide attempt versus less than 2% for adolescents with no history of trauma or PTSD. Brain imaging studies relate PTSD and trauma to differences in emotion regulation, dopamine, and norepinephrine activation.

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“…Participants were drawn from an ongoing longitudinal study examining traumatic stress and substance use among college students (Read, Ouimette, White, Colder, & Farrow, 2011). For this larger study, incoming students (N= 997) from two universities in the Northeastern (site 1) and Southeastern (site 2) U.S. were recruited in the summer prior to matriculation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%