Rates of deformation, uplift, and landscape development associated with active folding in the Waipara area of North Canterbury, New Zealand

Nicol, A. M.; Alloway, Brent V.; Tonkin, Philip J.

doi:10.1029/94tc01502

Cited by 34 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…This conclusion is unexpected, considering the high proportion of plate boundary strain that is associated with the Marlborough fault system (Lamb & Bibby 1989), and is different from the Wellington region where Ota et al ( 1981 ) found the strike-slip faults of southern North Island formed the boundaries to blocks on which the marine terraces were tilted and deformed. This conclusion, however, is similar to that of Nicol et al (1994) for the Waipara region of north Canterbury.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 39%

“…1), and movement on this fault is inferred to be responsible for uplift and tilting of the peninsula. In contrast to the coincidence ( > in deformation pattern of the interglacial terraces and underlying Tertiary folds near Cape Campbell described above, and the Waipara area (Nicol et al 1994), there is no such correlation at Kaikoura Peninsula (Fig. 9), where a series of northeast-striking, short wavelength (1-2 km) folds disrupt the Upper Cretaceous -middle Miocene bedrock sequence.…”

Section: Kaikoura Peninsulamentioning

confidence: 67%

“…However, the deformation pattern is also suggestive (because of the 5-10 km wavelength of the deformation) of activity on local faults and folds in the upper plate. Nicol et al (1994) have interpreted the deformation of marine terraces in the Waipara area in the same way. In three of the four areas in our study where the preservation of marine terraces is sufficient to determine a deformation pattern (Long Point, Kaikoura, and Haumuri Bluffs -Conway River), the causative structures appear to be reverse faults either between or to the south of the major strike-slip faults of the Marlborough fault system (Fig.…”

Section: Uplift Rates and Regional Characteristics Of Marine Terrace mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pleistocene coastal terraces of Kaikoura Peninsula and the Marlborough coast, South Island, New Zealand

Ôta

Pillans

Berryman

et al. 1996

New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 39%

Section: Kaikoura Peninsulamentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Uplift Rates and Regional Characteristics Of Marine Terrace mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pleistocene coastal terraces of Kaikoura Peninsula and the Marlborough coast, South Island, New Zealand

Ôta

Pillans

Berryman

et al. 1996

New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

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“…1). From Mount Grey to the Waipara River mouth, the PPAFZ passes into the northeast-trending coastal folds which are locally rotated clockwise into an en echelon, sigmoidal pattern (Yousif 1985;Nicol et al 1994;Al-Daghastani & Campbell 1995). Cowan et al (1996) also incorporated the Lees Valley and Ashley faults as PPAFZ splays.…”

Section: Strike-slip Faultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1), but step back to the coast near the Ashley River. Along-strike southwards migration of this west-facing system onshore leads to coastal uplift, with growing hills closing the Waipara basin from the sea during Otiran glacial times and tectonically induced Holocene uplift and progradation extending south to at least the Ashley River mouth (Yousif 1985;Nicol et al 1994;Al-Daghastani & Campbell 1995;Shulmeister & Kirk 1996;Dodson 2009). The progradation cycles identified by Shulmeister & Kirk (1996) are close to the dates for major range-front earthquakes inland (Howard et al 2005) and to episodic downcutting on the Waipara River, so may be a consequence of coseismic uplift.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The tectonic and structural setting of the 4 September 2010 Darfield (Canterbury) earthquake sequence, New Zealand

Campbell

Pettinga

Jongens

2012

New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

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Plate boundary deformation creates a south-easterly advancing, repetitive structural pattern in Canterbury dominated by the propagation of northeast-striking thrust assemblages. This pattern is regularly segmented by east-striking faults inherited from reactivated Cretaceous normal faults. The more evolved and deeply exposed structures in the foothills of north Canterbury provide insights into the tectonic processes of the blind structures now emerging from under the northern and eastern Canterbury Plains, where thrust and strike-slip fault activity are closely linked. The east-striking faults separate relative motion between thrust segments and accommodate oblique transpressive shear. Early stages of thrust emergence are dominated by anticlinal growth and blind, or partially buried, thrusts and backthrusts. The east-striking transecting faults therefore record timing of coseismic episodes of uplift and shortening with variable horizontal to vertical ratios and displacement rates on the hidden adjacent thrusts. The Greendale and blind Port Hills faults, with their associated aftershock patterns, are compatible with this style.

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New insights into the tectonic inversion of North Canterbury and the regional structural context of the 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence, New Zealand

Barnes

Ghisetti²,

Gorman

2016

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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The 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence highlighted the existence of previously unknown active faults beneath the North Canterbury plains and Pegasus Bay, South Island, New Zealand. We provide new insights into the geometry and kinematics of ongoing deformation by analyzing marine seismic data to produce new maps of regional faults and cross‐sectional reconstructions of deformation history. Active faulting and folding extends up to 30 km offshore, and involves reactivation of sets of Late Cretaceous‐Paleogene normal faults under NW‐SE tectonic compression. The active faults consist predominantly of NE‐SW striking, SE‐dipping reverse faults, and less commonly E‐W to NW‐SE faults suitably oriented for strike‐slip reactivation. Additionally, newly developing reverse faults obliquely segment and overprint the inherited basement fabric and impose geometric and kinematic complexities revealed by mapping and reverse displacement profiles of markers. The Quaternary reverse slip rates decrease from 0.1–0.3 mm/yr beneath northern Pegasus Bay to <0.05 mm/yr approaching Banks Peninsula. Fault growth modeling involving trishear fault‐propagation folding mechanisms successfully restores an evolutionary sequence of progressive fault inversion, revealing a history of reactivated individual faults. Tectonic inversion and overprinting processes beneath Pegasus Bay are immature and <1.2 ± 0.4 Ma old, with no evidence of systematic spatial migration of deformation. Our marine data analyses give insights into the structural context of the 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence, while the combined onshore to offshore data provide an excellent illustration of fault growth associated with immature inversion tectonics, in which selective fault reactivation results from compressive stress imposed across a complex network of inherited faults.

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Rates of deformation, uplift, and landscape development associated with active folding in the Waipara area of North Canterbury, New Zealand

Cited by 34 publications

References 22 publications

Pleistocene coastal terraces of Kaikoura Peninsula and the Marlborough coast, South Island, New Zealand

Pleistocene coastal terraces of Kaikoura Peninsula and the Marlborough coast, South Island, New Zealand

The tectonic and structural setting of the 4 September 2010 Darfield (Canterbury) earthquake sequence, New Zealand

New insights into the tectonic inversion of North Canterbury and the regional structural context of the 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence, New Zealand

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