Rate of hydrolysis and degradation of the cyanogenic glycoside – dhurrin – in soil

Johansen, H. Saaby; Rasmussen, Lars Holm; Olsen, Carl Erik; Hansen, Hans Christian Bruun

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.10.013

Cited by 21 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Measured half-lives of benzylglucosinolate range from 6 hours to 9 days (Gimsing et al, 2006(Gimsing et al, , 2007; for 2-benzoxazolinone from 12 h to 30 days (Macías et al, 2004;Understrup et al, 2005); and for p-coumaric acid from 5 to 30 days (Blum et al, 1994;Pue et al, 1995). Factors that contribute to this variation include different degradation capabilities of microbial communities in different soil samples, abiotic soil characteristics such as pH (Gimsing et al, 2007;Johansen et al, 2007), the starting concentration of the allelochemical (Understrup et al, 2005;Kong et al, 2007;Gimsing et al, 2009), and the identities and concentrations of other organic compounds present in the soil (Blum et al, 1993;Pue et al, 1995;Blum, 1998;Macías et al, 2004). Half-lives are often modeled by using first-order kinetics, which implicitly states that the half-life is independent of starting concentration.…”

Section: Microbial Protection From Allelopathymentioning

confidence: 98%

Microbes as Targets and Mediators of Allelopathy in Plants

2012

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Studies of allelopathy in terrestrial systems have experienced tremendous growth as interest has risen in describing biochemical mechanisms responsible for structuring plant communities, determining agricultural and forest productivity, and explaining invasive behaviors in introduced organisms. While early criticisms of allelopathy involved issues with allelochemical production, stability, and degradation in soils, an understanding of the chemical ecology of soils and its microbial inhabitants has been increasingly incorporated in studies of allelopathy, and recognized as an essential predictor of the outcome of allelopathic interactions between plants. Microbes can mediate interactions in a number of ways with both positive and negative outcomes for surrounding plants and plant communities. In this review, we examine cases where soil microbes are the target of allelopathic plants leading to indirect effects on competing plants, provide examples where microbes play either a protective effect on plants against allelopathic competitors or enhance allelopathic effects, and we provide examples where soil microbial communities have changed through time in response to allelopathic plants with known or potential effects on plant communities. We focus primarily on interactions involving wild plants in natural systems, using case studies of some of the world's most notorious invasive plants, but we also provide selected examples from agriculturally managed systems. Allelopathic interactions between plants cannot be fully understood without considering microbial participants, and we conclude with suggestions for future research. Allelopathy and Soil MicrobesAllelopathy, generally, is considered as a form of negative chemical communication between organisms, whereby one participant (the donor) in an interaction produces a compound(s) that is released in the environment in ecologically relevant quantities that negatively impacts the fitness of other participants (the receivers); the effect presumably benefits fitness of the donor. While the concept of allelopathy extends back to at least Theophrastus in the third century B.C., who invoked this phenomenon as an explanatory mechanism of plant growth, abundance, or community structure in natural systems, the concept has fluctuated in popularity over time (see Willis, 2007 for review). Allelopathy often has been subjected to criticisms of ecological relevance that other phenomena, such as resource competition, have not, thus explaining why it has fallen out of favor during certain time periods. However, studies of allelopathy in terrestrial systems have experienced a tremendous "rebirth" in the last 20 years as interest has risen in describing biochemical mechanisms responsible for structuring plant communities, determining agricultural and forest productivity, and explaining invasive behaviors in introduced organisms. More rigorous observational and experimental approaches, along with better analytical techniques, have

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Section: Microbial Protection From Allelopathymentioning

confidence: 98%

Microbes as Targets and Mediators of Allelopathy in Plants

2012

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“…High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and LC-MS/MS for the analysis and identification of cyanogenic glycosides has recently been exploited for the sensitive detection of these compounds and their derivatives [85-87]. The potential of these techniques should be utilised to confirm the role of these compounds in plant defence.…”

Section: Cyanogenic Glycosidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Cereal Secondary Metabolites Involved in Mediating the Outcome of Plant-Pathogen Interactions

Fall

Solomon

2011

Metabolites

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Cereal crops such as wheat, rice and barley underpin the staple diet for human consumption globally. A multitude of threats to stable and secure yields of these crops exist including from losses caused by pathogens, particularly fungal. Plants have evolved complex mechanisms to resist pathogens including programmed cell death responses, the release of pathogenicity-related proteins and oxidative bursts. Another such mechanism is the synthesis and release of secondary metabolites toxic to potential pathogens. Several classes of these compounds have been identified and their anti-fungal properties demonstrated. However the lack of suitable analytical techniques has hampered the progress of identifying and exploiting more of these novel metabolites. In this review, we summarise the role of the secondary metabolites in cereal crop diseases and briefly touch on the analytical techniques that hold the key to unlocking their potential in reducing yield losses.

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“…Pollution of groundwater and surface waters can be abated if the toxins are degraded or sorbed during transport through the soil matrix to aquifers or other recipients. In most cases, plant toxins degrade quickly in soil, with half‐lives in the range of days [4–7]. Currently, few studies have examined toxins in terrestrial environments, but soil clay silicates seem to be important sorbents, as observed, for instance, for the mycotoxins zearalenone and ochratoxin A and for the carcinogenic afla‐toxins [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sorption of toxins to clay minerals and other sorbents prevents solution transport of toxins through soil, thereby restricting contamination of the aquatic environment. Unfortunately sorption also may retard degradation of the toxins, as observed for zearalenone, ochratoxin A, and dhurrin [6,8]. A much faster degradation of glucosinolates was observed in clayey than in sandy top‐ and subsoils, which was attributed to the higher activity of degrading enzymes in the clayey soil [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation kinetics of ptaquiloside in soil and soil solution

Ovesen

Rasmussen²,

Hansen

2008

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Ptaquiloside (PTA) is a carcinogenic norsesquiterpene glycoside produced in bracken (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn), a widespread, aggressive weed. Transfer of PTA to soil and soil solution eventually may contaminate groundwater and surface water. Degradation rates of PTA were quantified in soil and soil solutions in sandy and clayey soils subjected to high natural PTA loads from bracken stands. Degradation kinetics in moist soil could be fitted with the sum of a fast and a slow first-order reaction; the fast reaction contributed 20 to 50% of the total degradation of PTA. The fast reaction was similar in all horizons, with the rate constant k(1F) ranging between 0.23 and 1.5/h. The slow degradation, with the rate constant k(1S) ranging between 0.00067 and 0.029/ h, was more than twice as fast in topsoils compared to subsoils, which is attributable to higher microbial activity in topsoils. Experiments with sterile controls confirmed that nonmicrobial degradation processes constituted more than 90% of the fast degradation and 50% of the slow degradation. The lower nonmicrobial degradation rate observed in the clayey compared with the sandy soil is attributed to a stabilizing effect of PTA by clay silicates. Ptaquiloside appeared to be stable in all soil solutions, in which no degradation was observed within a period of 28 d, in strong contrast to previous studies of hydrolysis rates in artificial aqueous electrolytes. The present study predicts that the risk of PTA leaching is controlled mainly by the residence time of pore water in soil, soil microbial activity, and content of organic matter and clay silicates.

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Rate of hydrolysis and degradation of the cyanogenic glycoside – dhurrin – in soil

Cited by 21 publications

References 23 publications

Microbes as Targets and Mediators of Allelopathy in Plants

Microbes as Targets and Mediators of Allelopathy in Plants

Role of Cereal Secondary Metabolites Involved in Mediating the Outcome of Plant-Pathogen Interactions

Degradation kinetics of ptaquiloside in soil and soil solution

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