Rate of forgetting in amnesia: II. Recall and recognition of word lists at different levels of organization.

Isaac, Claire L.; Mayes, Andrew R.

doi:10.1037/0278-7393.25.4.963

Cited by 33 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…However, there is good reason to argue that the present results were not caused by consolidation deficits. As demonstrated in the studies by both Carlesimo, Sabbadini, Loasses, and Caltagirone (1997) and Isaac and Mayes (1999b), consolidation deficits usually arise only in the case of more complex associations than those used in the present study, and, if nevertheless existent, manifest in free but not in cued recall tests.…”

Section: Possible Alternative Explanationsmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Because the results for the healthy subjects suggest that stronger category-item associations are more susceptible to incongruencies between learning and test than are weaker category-item associations, such an encoding deficit should have made our amnesics' retrieval processes fairly immune to possible negative effects of part-list cuing, particularly in the case of the weak items. Finding a larger amount of forgetting in amnesics than in controls thus indicates that the recall difference between healthy and amnesic subjects is more likely to reflect a retrieval deficit rather than an encoding deficit (see also Isaac & Mayes, 1999b, for evidence against major encoding problems in the present type of situation).…”

Section: Amnesic Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Storage deficit proposals assume that amnesic patients show a deficit in the initial consolidationof episodic material into long-term memory. This deficit is assumed to arise mainly in the case of the consolidation of complex associations and less, if at all, in the consolidation of simple associations and information (Isaac & Mayes, 1999a, 1999b. Proposals emphasizing deficits in the encoding-retrieval interaction assume that amnesic patients have trouble encoding the features of material in such a way that cues directed toward feature representation can evoke the desired item directly.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Part-list cuing in amnesic patients: Evidence for a retrieval deficit

2002

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Part-list cuing-the detrimental effect of the presentation of a subset of learned items on recall of the remaining items-was examined in amnesic patients and healthy control subjects. Subjects studied two types of categorized item lists: lists in which each category consisted of strong and moderate items and lists in which each category consisted of weak and moderate items. The subjects recalled a category's strong and weak items in either the presence of or absence of the moderate items serving as retrieval cues. In healthy subjects, part-list cuing impaired recall of the strong items but not of the weak items; in amnesics, part-list cuing impaired recall of both types of items. Part-list cuing is often attributed to a change in the retrieval process from a more effective one when cues are absent to a less effective one when they are present. On the basis of this view, our results indicate that part-list cuing causes a stronger retrieval inefficiency in amnesic patients than in healthy people.

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Section: Possible Alternative Explanationsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Amnesic Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Part-list cuing in amnesic patients: Evidence for a retrieval deficit

2002

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“…According to dualprocess theories of memory, recollection should be affected by certain experimental variables (e.g., levels of processing, divided attention) or subject variables (e.g., aging, brain damage) regardless of whether recollection is indexed using Our finding that free recall has an automatic component also calls into question the experimental strategy of equating free recall performance between groups on initial learning task (e.g., younger and older adults) in order to make sounder inferences. This approach of equating initial learning is often used in neuropsychological studies investigating memory performance between younger and older adults (Giambra & Arenberg, 1993;Harwood & Naylor, 1969;Wheeler, 2000), control subjects and amnesics (Isaac & Mayes, 1999;Kopelman & Stanhope, 1997), older controls and dementia patients (Kopelman, 1985;Reed, Paller, & Mungas, 1998), as well as other subject populations (DeLuca et al, 2004). For example, DeLuca et al found that subjects with chronic fatigue syndrome (and no co-morbid psychiatric disorders) took twice as many trials to learn a list of categorized words to a criterion of two perfect recalls.…”

Section: Implications Of the Finding That Automatic Processes Influenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automatic processing influences free recall: converging evidence from the process dissociation procedure and remember-know judgments

2010

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Dual-process theories of retrieval suggest that controlled and automatic processing contribute to memory performance. Free recall tests are often considered pure measures of recollection, assessing only the controlled process. We report two experiments demonstrating that automatic processes also influence free recall. Experiment 1 used inclusion and exclusion tasks to estimate recollection and automaticity in free recall, adopting a new variant of the process dissociation procedure. Dividing attention during study selectively reduced the recollection estimate but did not affect the automatic component. In Experiment 2, we replicated the results of Experiment 1, and subjects additionally reported remember-know-guess judgments during recall in the inclusion condition. In the latter task, dividing attention during study reduced remember judgments for studied items, but know responses were unaffected. Results from both methods indicated that free recall is partly driven by automatic processes. Thus, we conclude that retrieval in free recall tests is not driven solely by conscious recollection (or remembering) but also by automatic influences of the same sort believed to drive priming on implicit memory tests. Sometimes items come to mind without volition in free recall.

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“…More recently, Isaac and Mayes (1999) claimed that rate of forgetting is greater for amnesic patients than for controls when these subjects are tested for recall of semantically organized word lists. In contrast, rate of forgetting for free recall of unrelated words, and for recognition, did not differ for amnesics and controls.…”

Section: Dmts Performance Of Ad Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease: The encoding hypothesis and cholinergic function

White

Ruske

2002

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is reported to affect at least 19% of individuals75-84 years old, and 47% of individuals over the age of 84 (Alzheimer's Association, 1996). Given the severe nature of the disease, the burden placed on caregivers, and the financial demands of the care of AD patients, there is growing interest in developing agents that not only reverse the cognitive deficits associated with AD, but also slow AD's progression. To date, however, there is only limited information about the aetiology and pathogenesis of AD (for a review, see Small, 1998), and this perhaps explains why only two drugs have been approved for the treatment of it.AD can be definitely diagnosed only by means of histopathological examination of brain tissue following a patient's death (Small, 1998). In the early stages of the disease, impairment in short-term memory is apparent. As the disease progresses, patients are unable to perform many basic activities needed for everyday living. They may show decreased knowledge of current and recent events, impaired concentration, and decreased ability to travel, handle finances, or perform complex tasks. Pathologically, the classical hallmarks of AD include neuritic plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and significant neuronal loss in the basal forebrain area (Bowen & Davison, 1986). Various neurotransmitter systems may be affected, including the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems, but the involvement of the cholinergic system in AD has received the most attention. This is not surprising, given the marked impairment in memory performance following cholinergic system dysfunction. Over the last two decades, the hypothesis that the cholinergic system is the major neurotransmitter system involved in memory and learning has gained general acceptance (Bartus, 1978;Blokland, 1996;Everitt & Robbins, 1997). The evidence reviewed here reinforces the suggestion that AD is related to cholinergic system dysfunction.A recent comprehensive review by McDonald and Overmier (1998) describes a wide range of "animal models" for AD. Such models examine the effects of drugs such as scopolamine, of lesions (to the basal nucleus, medial septal area, fimbra/fornix, and hippocampus), and of betaamyloid administration, on performance in various delayed conditional-discrimination tasks in which subjects must rely on memory. The rationale for the "animal models" is that the effects of the drugs and lesions on task performance should resemble the deficits seen in AD patients. McDonald and Overmier suggest that for patients in the early stages of AD, the deficit is manifest primarily as an increase in the rate of forgetting, whereas for patients in the late stages of the disease, the deficit is attentional in nature, and that deficits in encoding ability may be related to poor cognitive function. Below we question the evidence for this distinction, and suggest that the overall performance deficit shown by AD patients (at any stage) is best characterized as an encoding deficit, with little effect on rate of forgetting.In ...

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Rate of forgetting in amnesia: II. Recall and recognition of word lists at different levels of organization.

Cited by 33 publications

References 56 publications

Part-list cuing in amnesic patients: Evidence for a retrieval deficit

Part-list cuing in amnesic patients: Evidence for a retrieval deficit

Automatic processing influences free recall: converging evidence from the process dissociation procedure and remember-know judgments

Memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease: The encoding hypothesis and cholinergic function

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