Rate-dependent evolution of wrinkling films due to growth on semi-infinite planar viscoelastic substrates

Ridge localization driven by wrinkle packets

“…2A under plane strain conditions using ABAQUS (see ESI †). Recent works [26][27][28] have numerically studied a similar configuration but with a viscoelastic substrate exhibiting a rubbery behavior for long times, which plays a role in the final state of the system. Here we instead enforce that the substrate layer exhibits fluid-like behavior to approximate a Newtonian fluid.…”

Rayleigh–Taylor Instability in Soft Viscoelastic Solids

“…Viscoelastic gels exhibit properties of elastic solids and viscous liquids depending on the mechanical conditions and the timescale over which stress is applied. Some gels can recover from damage or fracture, , have strong adhesive properties, − and/or exhibit various surface instabilities and patterns, − which are all functions of the composition of the gel. One way to create a pattern on the surface of “soft” materials is via the Rayleigh–Taylor instability, which is typically associated with the instability at the interface of two fluids of different densities due to the competition between gravitational, inertial, capillary, and viscous effects. , Similar dynamics can occur with elastic materials.…”