Rate and extent of supercritical fluid extraction of additives from polypropylene: Diffusion, solubility, and matrix effects

Cotton, Nicholas J.; Bartle, Keith D.; Clifford, Anthony A.; Dowle, Christopher J.

doi:10.1002/app.1993.070480913

Cited by 46 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…52,53,59,60,70,74 The diffusion coefficient of additives in polymers at 40 °C is typically about 10 210 cm 2 s 21 . The rate of diffusion (s 21 ) is proportional to D/L 2 , where L is the length of the shortest dimension.…”

Section: Effect Of Particle Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

Critical ReviewAnalytical Extraction of Additives From Polymers

Vandenburg¹,

Clifford²,

Bartle³

et al. 1997

Analyst

142

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Harold Vandenburg graduated from Manchester Polytechnic where he studied Applied Chemistry parttime whilst working in quality control in the pharmaceutical/personal care sector. After working for a year in Australia and USA, he started six years of research on migration from polymers into foods at high temperatures at the Procter Department of Food Science at the University of Leeds. He obtained his PhD during this time. Still at the University of Leeds, but now at the School of Chemistry, he is undertaking research comparing the effectiveness of sample preparation methods for polymers and environmental samples.

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Section: Effect Of Particle Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

Critical ReviewAnalytical Extraction of Additives From Polymers

Vandenburg¹,

Clifford²,

Bartle³

et al. 1997

Analyst

142

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“…Good results from the use of on-line SFE/ SFC 12,13 and also off-line SFE in combination with SFC 14 for extraction of antioxidants from a polypropylene matrix have been reported. Cotton et al 13 used the relative peak areas to confirm quantitative results; they claimed that because the relative peak areas for all antioxidants corresponded well with actual concentrations, they had reached quantitative recovery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Optimization of experimental parameters for the quantification of polymer additives using SFE/HPLC

Thilén¹,

Shishoo²

2000

J. Appl. Polym. Sci.

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Analysis of low concentration additives; for example, antioxidants, in polymeric materials remains a difficult task. In the usual analytical methods, additives are extracted using large quantities of solvents first followed by concentrating the resulting solution for making possible the analysis. The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technique eliminates the use of large quantities of solvents and simplifies the analytical procedure. This work has been done with the goal of extracting the antioxidants Irganox 1010 and Irgafos 168 from a polypropylene matrix by using the SFE technique and by subsequent analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The experimental parameters; that is, temperatures, pressure, and modifiers have been varied to find the best extraction conditions. The optimum temperature and pressure for extraction of above-mentioned polymer additives were found to be 120°C and 384 bar, with methanol as the modifier. The quantitative extractions are significantly faster than those reported earlier in the literature. The results point out that the technique used in these experiments-SFE combined with HPLC-is a reliable and environmentally friendly alternative to the commonly used liquid extraction and analytical methods.

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“…Several observations of enhanced diffusivity in sc CO 2 swollen polymers have been reported in the literature3, 4 and sc fluids have found widespread applications for polymer impregnation. This is not only because of the enhanced diffusivity through the polymer matrix, but also because no solvent residues remain within the impregnated sample upon depressurisation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Polymer modification using difluoromethane (HFC 32) and carbon dioxide

Abbott

Brooks

Eltringham

et al. 2006

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

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The infusion of difluoromethane (HFC 32) and CO2 into polystyrene and polyethylene has been characterized using a quartz crystal microbalance technique over a range of temperatures and pressures. The results were adequately modeled by Flory‐Huggins theory. Significant plasticization was observed in the polymeric materials and it is shown that manipulation of the experimental temperature, pressure, and rate of depressurisation can cause significant changes in the morphology of the samples. It is demonstrated for the first time how rate constant data for the kinetics of gas sorption can be extracted quickly and easily from in situ quartz crystal microbalance measurements. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1072–1083, 2006

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Rate and extent of supercritical fluid extraction of additives from polypropylene: Diffusion, solubility, and matrix effects

Cited by 46 publications

References 34 publications

Critical ReviewAnalytical Extraction of Additives From Polymers

Critical ReviewAnalytical Extraction of Additives From Polymers

Optimization of experimental parameters for the quantification of polymer additives using SFE/HPLC

Polymer modification using difluoromethane (HFC 32) and carbon dioxide

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