Ratcheting quasi-ballistic electrons in silicon geometric diodes at room temperature

Custer, James; Low, Jeremy D.; Hill, David J. T.; Teitsworth, Taylor S.; Christesen, Joseph D.; McKinney, Collin J.; McBride, James R.; Brooke, M.A.; Warren, Scott C.; Cahoon, James F.

doi:10.1126/science.aay8663

Cited by 22 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Both zero-bias differential resistance and responsivity tended to decrease with the increasing neck widths, where the measured data has been fitted in Figure 5 b,c. These results are consistent with the I-V characteristics reported for a silicon geometric diode [ 22 ]. A similar trend for Hall resistance and nonlinearity was also observed in a Hall sensor experiencing the ballistic effect [ 23 ].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

CVD-Grown Monolayer Graphene-Based Geometric Diode for THz Rectennas

et al. 2021

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For THz rectennas, ultra-fast diodes are required. While the metal–insulator–metal (MIM) diode has been investigated in recent years, it suffers from large resistance and capacitance, as well as a low cut-off frequency. Alternatively, a geometric diode can be used, which is more suitable due to its planar structure. However, there is only one report of a THz geometric diode based on a monolayer graphene. It is based on exfoliated graphene, and thus, it is not suitable for mass production. In this work, we demonstrate chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown monolayer graphene based geometric diodes, which are mass-producible. The diode’s performance has been studied experimentally by varying the neck widths from 250–50 nm, the latter being the smallest reported neck width for a graphene geometric diode. It was observed that by decreasing the neck widths, the diode parameters such as asymmetry, nonlinearity, zero-bias resistance, and responsivity increased within the range studied. For the 50 nm neck width diode, the asymmetry ratio was 1.40 for an applied voltage ranging from −2 V to 2 V, and the zero-bias responsivity was 0.0628 A/W. The performance of the diode was also verified through particle-in-cell Monte Carlo simulations, which showed that the simulated current-voltage characteristics were consistent with our experimental results.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

CVD-Grown Monolayer Graphene-Based Geometric Diode for THz Rectennas

et al. 2021

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“…For instance, the potential distribution inside the uniformly charged conical nanochannel exhibits a tooth-like shape in the absence of external bias, called ratchet potential, which has a local minimal potential point that ions are driven by the potential gradient to flow in the direction of higher chemical gradient. , When the concentration gradient of ions is increased, the driving force of the internal potential can be diminished. The ions that have been pumped inside the nanochannel need to be released by an external oscillating electric field . The ion pump based on this mechanism can be created by designing an asymmetric nanochannel structure both microscopically and macroscopically.…”

Section: Asymmetric Structure-driven Artificial Ion Pumpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioinspired Artificial Ion Pumps

2022

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Ion pumps are important membrane-spanning transporters that pump ions against the electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane. In biological systems, ion pumping is essential to maintain intracellular osmotic pressure, to respond to external stimuli, and to regulate physiological activities by consuming adenosine triphosphate. In recent decades, artificial ion pumping systems with diverse geometric structures and functions have been developing rapidly with the progress of advanced materials and nanotechnology. In this Review, bioinspired artificial ion pumps, including four categories: asymmetric structure-driven ion pumps, pH gradient-driven ion pumps, light-driven ion pumps, and electron-driven ion pumps, are summarized. The working mechanisms, functions, and applications of those artificial ion pumping systems are discussed. Finally, a brief conclusion of underpinning challenges and outlook for future research are tentatively discussed.

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“…[86,87] Today, they are feasible technology for novel optoelectronic, magnetic, and nanoelectronic devices. [88][89][90][91][92][93] The current technological ability to fabricate nWVGs with geometrical morphologies of any complexity and to precisely control the geometry-modulation profile opens the way for systematic investigation of their electron and phonon properties and evaluation of their potential for thermoelectric energy conversion. Furthermore, new hybrid functionalities should emerge by the unique ability to geometrically control electron and phonon transport properties at the nanoscale.…”

Section: Perspectives and Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermoelectric Metamaterials: Nano‐Waveguides for Thermoelectric Energy Conversion and Heat Management at the Nanoscale

Zianni

2021

Adv Elect Materials

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are heterostructures, electronic and phononic superlattices that have been extensively studied since their discovery nearly 100 years ago. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Electrons and phonons in geometry-modulated nanostructures, nano-waveguides (nWVGs), have attracted extended research interest since the 1980s. [10][11][12][13][14] In 2010, we proposed nWVGs for thermoelectric efficiency enhancement by geometrical control of electron and phonon properties. [15][16][17] Thermoelectric (TE) energy conversion could ideally serve the need of our society for low-cost green energy production, reduction of CO 2 emissions and waste-heat recycling. Low efficiencies of traditional thermoelectric materials prohibited for long widespread thermoelectric applications. In the last 20 years, the efforts of the thermoelectric community concentrated to alternative approaches, such as using low-dimensional and nanostructured materials, to enhance the TE efficiency. Much progress has been achieved and research is continuing along these lines. Currently, another dimension has been added by that thermoelectric materials could power the Internet of things (IoT). [18] Already-achieved record efficiencies should be sufficient for this purpose. Nevertheless, traditional thermoelectric materials are not suitable for integration into the microelectronics industrial processes. Novel strategies to enhance the TE efficiency of technologically important materials are of predominant importance and interest. Thermoelectric metamaterials (THEMMs), nWVGs with enhanced TE properties, can contribute to this task. Their operation is based on the same principles as low-dimensional and nanostructured materials.The discovery of low-dimensional materials revolutionized science and technology provide the fascinating ability to engineer the energy bandstructure and properties of matter with superlattices of different materials. [19][20][21] Superlattices made of low-dimensional constituent materials exhibited improved properties and novel functionalities due to quantum confinement. Shrinking dimensions to the nanoscale and forming low-dimensional nanostructures and nanocomposite materials opened-up new horizons in science and led to the era of nanotechnology.Low-dimensional materials have one or more dimensions small enough (typically in the nanometric range) so that carriers The idea of using metamaterials for thermoelectrics was proposed 10 years ago. Enhanced thermoelectric effects and decreased thermal conduction are theoretically demonstrated due to modification of electrons and phonons by quantum interference between propagating and scattered waves at geometrical discontinuities. These structures are now considered promising for breakthrough in thermoelectric energy conversion and heat management at the nanoscale. They could ideally power the Internet of things. This review is devoted to electron and phonon transport properties of thermoelectric metamaterials in the quantum confinement regime. Enhanced thermoelectric effects and decreased thermal conductiv...

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Ratcheting quasi-ballistic electrons in silicon geometric diodes at room temperature

Cited by 22 publications

References 43 publications

CVD-Grown Monolayer Graphene-Based Geometric Diode for THz Rectennas

CVD-Grown Monolayer Graphene-Based Geometric Diode for THz Rectennas

Bioinspired Artificial Ion Pumps

Thermoelectric Metamaterials: Nano‐Waveguides for Thermoelectric Energy Conversion and Heat Management at the Nanoscale

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