“…For the materials and structural members experiencing an asymmetric stress-controlled cyclic loading, the responded plastic strain will accumulate during the cycling deformation, ie, the ratchetting may occur, if the applied stress is higher than the yielding strength of the materials. In the last decades, as reviewed by Kang, 19 the experimental, theoretical, and numerical researches about the uniaxial/multiaxial ratchetting were extensively conducted and well documented [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] for various materials and components. Furthermore, the ratchetting-fatigue interaction, mainly addressing the detrimental influence of ratchetting strain on the fatigue life, was investigated experimentally and theoretically by Rider et al, 29 Yang et al, 30 Kang et al, [31][32][33][34][35] Wu et al, 36 Yuan et al, 37 Sreenivasan et al, 38 Wang et al, 39 and so on.…”