Rat spinal cord neurons contain nitric oxide synthase

Sasaki, Shigeyuki; Kidd, Grahame J.; Trapp, Bruce D.; Dawson, Ted M.; Bredt, David S.; Wilson, Daniela A.; Traystman, R. J.; Snyder, Solomon H.; Hanley, Daniel F.

doi:10.1016/0306-4522(94)90608-4

Cited by 220 publications

(137 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…As reported in previous studies, the NADPH-d reaction and the mouse anti-nNOS marked the same neurons (Dawson et al, 1991;Vincent and Kimura, 1992;Giraldi-Guimarães et al, 1999;Bombardi et al, 2006Bombardi et al, , 2011. In the bottlenose dolphin, the laminar distribution of the spinal nitrergic neurons is similar to that reported in mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, cat, and Primates, with somata localized with a high density in Laminae I, II, VII (intermediolateral cell column and nucleus intermediolateralis sacralis of terrestrial Mammals), and X (Br€ uning, 1992;Dun et al, 1992Dun et al, , 1993Valtschanoff et al, 1992a,b;Spike et al, 1993;Terenghi et al, 1993;Saito et al, 1994;Vizzard et al, 1994;Wetts and Vaughn, 1994;Pullen and Humphreys, 1995;Mars ala et al, 1998Mars ala et al, , 1999Kluchov a et al, 2000). Nevertheless, there are some differences in the distribution of spinal nitrergic neurons between the bottlenose dolphin and terrestrial mammals: (a) in the bottlenose dolphin the nitrergic neurons appeared more homogenously distributed throughout the different spinal levels; (b), there are more neurons in Laminae III and IV in terrestrial mammals than in the bottlenose dolphin; (c), the somatic motor neurons of the bottlenose dolphin were completely unstained.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

“…Nevertheless, there are some differences in the distribution of spinal nitrergic neurons between the bottlenose dolphin and terrestrial mammals: (a) in the bottlenose dolphin the nitrergic neurons appeared more homogenously distributed throughout the different spinal levels; (b), there are more neurons in Laminae III and IV in terrestrial mammals than in the bottlenose dolphin; (c), the somatic motor neurons of the bottlenose dolphin were completely unstained. References to these latter elements are equivocal, because in terrestrial mammals, even within the same species, the somatic motor neurons appeared either to contain (Terenghi et al, 1993;Pullen and Humphreys, 1995;Marsala et al, 1998) or not (Bruning, 1992;Dun et al, 1992Dun et al, , 1993Valtschanoff et al, 1992a;Spike et al, 1993;Vizzard et al, 1994;Saito et al, 1994;Wetts and Vaughn, 1994;Marsala et al, 1999) NADPH-d or nNOS. NADPH-d and nNOS stained axons were seen running across the Lissauers's tract and the dorsal funiculus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The distribution of nitrergic cells in the spinal cord has been often related to the autonomic preganglionic neurons (Dun et al, 1992(Dun et al, , 1993Valtschanoff et al, 1992a;Saito et al, 1994;Vizzard et al, 1994;L opezFigueroa et al, 1996L opezFigueroa et al, , 1997Mars ala et al, 1998Mars ala et al, , 1999. In the present study, nitrergic and presumably autonomic neurons were observed in the intermediolateral cell column.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The diaphorase activity and consequently its distribution in the CNS is superimposed to nNOS immunoreactivity (Dawson et al, 1991;Vincent and Kimura, 1992;Giraldi-Guimarães et al, 1999;Bombardi et al, 2006Bombardi et al, , 2011. NADPH-d and nNOS containing neurons have been localized in the spinal cord in several mammalian species, including mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, cat, sheep, monkey, and human (Br€ uning, 1992;Valtschanoff et al, 1992a,b;Dun et al, 1992Dun et al, , 1993Spike et al, 1993;Terenghi et al, 1993;Saito et al, 1994;Vizzard et al, 1994;Wetts and Vaughn, 1994;Pullen and Humphreys, 1995;L opez-Figueroa et al, 1996L opez-Figueroa et al, , 1997Mars ala et al, 1998Mars ala et al, , 1999Kluchov a et al, 2000). Despite the previous studies, no information is available on the distribution of nitrergic neurons in the spinal cord of the cetaceans.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nitrergic Neurons in the Spinal Cord of the Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)

Bombardi

Grandis

Gardini

et al. 2013

The Anatomical Record

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Nitric oxide (NO) is a freely diffusible gaseous neurotransmitter generated by a selected population of neurons and acts as a paracrine molecule in the nervous system. NO is synthesized from L-arginine by means of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), an enzyme requiring nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) as cofactor. In this study, we used histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques to investigate the distribution of NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) and nNOS in the spinal cord of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Cells with a fusiform-shaped somata were numerous in the laminae I and II. The intermediolateral horn showed darkly-stained cells with a multipolar morphology. Neurons with a multipolar or fusiform morphology were observed in the ventral horn. Multipolar and fusiform neurons were the most common cell types in lamina X. Nitrergic fibers were numerous especially in the dorsal and intermediolateral horns. The presence of nitrergic cells and fibers in different laminae of the spinal cord suggests that NO may be involved in spinal sensory and visceral circuitries, and potentially contribute to the regulation of the complex retia mirabilia.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Nitrergic Neurons in the Spinal Cord of the Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)

Bombardi

Grandis

Gardini

et al. 2013

The Anatomical Record

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“…Considerable evidence indicates that nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in central and peripheral modulation of nociception [6]. A role of NO in nociceptive signaling was initially based on the localization of neuronal NOS in the superficial dorsal horn and intermediolateral cell column [7]. The most used NOS inhibitor, NG-nitroarginine-L-methyl ester (L-NAME) induces antinociception in several rat pain models follawing intracebrovetricular [8], intraperitoneal [9], intravenous [10], or intrathecal administiration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Daily Repeated Magnetic Field on S-Nitroso-N-acetyl-DL penicillamine Induced Hyperalgesia

Altun¹,

Filiz²,

Parlak³

et al. 2014

Cumhuriyet Med J

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Aim. The treatment of pain has been one of the most important objectives of medicine. We aimed to investigate antinociceptive effects and mechanisms of magnetic field (MF) on the hyperalgesia produced by S-Nitroso N-acetyl penicillamine (SNAP). Method. Study has been made in two sections. In the first section, rats were divided four groups (six in each). The first group was determined as sham group and administrated 0.3 mL, 0.9% NaCl intraperitoneally (i.p) before assessing tail flick latencies (TFLs) (Sham group). In the second group, 2 mg/kg SNAP administrated i.p. and TFLs were assessed at the same time points with first group (SNAP group). In the third group, rats were repeatedly exposed to MF for 6 consecutive days (MF group). In the fourth group, SNAP was administrated i.p everyday shortly before MF exposure (SNAP+MF group). In the second section, animals divided to the same groups with the first section. Same procedures have been performed with the first section groups and blood samples were collected to determine plasma levels of β-endorphin and substance P. Results. SNAP (2 mg/kg) produced hyperalgesic effect with i.p. administration. MF application (5 mT and 165 min per day) produced a strong antinociception in Days 3 and 4. Tail flick values of SNAP+MF in Days 3 and 4 were found to be significantly low as compared to MF and Sham groups. In SNAP group, substance P levels were found to be significantly high. Plasma β-endorphin levels in MF and SNAP+MF groups were significantly high as compared to the Sham group. Conclusion. MF may be an alternative antinociceptive approach for pain treatment. There is need for further studies to overcome the tolerance to antinociceptive effects of MF.Keywords: Hyperalgesia, magnetic field, snap, substance p, β-endorphin, tail flick Özet Amaç. Ağrı tedavisi tıbbın en önemli hedeflerinden biridir. Bu araştırmada manyetik alan uygulamasının S-Nitroso N-acetyl penicillamine (SNAP) tarafından oluşturulan ağrı üzerindeki etkilerini ve etki mekanizmasını araştırmayı amaçladık. Yöntem. Çalışma iki kısım olacak şekilde tasarlandı. Birindi kısımda hayvanlar her birinde altı hayvan olacak şekilde 4 gruba bölündü. Birinci grup sham grubu olarak belirlendi ve bu hayvanlara 0,3 mL %0,9 NaCl tail flick latensleri ölçülmeden once uygulandı. İkinci gruba (SNAP grubu) 2 mg/kg SNAP i.p. olarak enjekte edildi ve sham grubu ile aynı zaman noktalarında tail flick ölçümleri yapıldı. Üçüncü grup (MF grubu) tekrarlayan altı gün boyunca manyetik alana maruz bırakıldı. Dördüncü grupta (SNAP+MF) hayvanlara manyetik alan uygulaması yapılmadan hemen önce 2 mg/kg SNAP i.p. olarak uygulandı. Çalışmanın ikinci kısmında ratlardan kan örnekleri alınarak kanlarında supstance p ve B-endorfin seviyelerine ELISA yöntemi ile bakıldı. Bulgular. SNAP (2 mg/kg) anlamlı bir hiperaljezi meydana getirerek tail flick latenleslerini kısalttı. Manyeteik alan uygulaması (5 mT ve 165 dakika/gün) özellikle 3. ve 4. günlerde anlamlı bir analjezi meydana getirdi. SNAP grubunda substance p seviyeleri yüksek bulunurk...

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Increased expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in bladder afferent pathways following chronic bladder irritation

1996

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Immunocytochemical techniques were used to examine alterations in the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in bladder pathways following acute and chronic irritation of the urinary tract of the rat. Chemical cystitis was induced by cyclophosphamide (CYP) which is metabolized to acrolein, an irritant eliminated in the urine. Injection of CYP (n = 10, 75 mg/kg, i.p.) 2 hours prior to perfusion (acute treatment) of the animals increased Fos-immunoreactivity (IR) in neurons in the dorsal commissure, dorsal horn, and autonomic regions of spinal segments (L1-L2 and L6-S1) which receive afferent inputs from the bladder, urethra, and ureter. Fos-IR in the spinal cord was not changed in rats receiving chronic CYP treatment (n = 15, 75 mg/kg, i.p., every 3rd day for 2 weeks). In control animals and in animals treated acutely with CYP, only small numbers of NOS-IR cells (0.5-0.7 cell profiles/sections) were detected in the L6-S1 dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Chronic CYP administration significantly (P < or = .002) increased bladder weight by 60% and increased (7- to 11-fold) the numbers of NOS-immunoreactive (IR) afferent neurons in the L6-S1 DRG. A small increase (1.5-fold) also occurred in the L1 DRG, but no change was detected in the L2 and L5 DRG. Bladder afferent cells in the L6-S1 DRG labeled by Fluorogold (40 microliters) injected into the bladder wall did not exhibit NOS-IR in control animals; however, following chronic CYP administration, a significant percentage of bladder afferent neurons were NOS-IR: L6 (19.8 +/- 4.6%) and S1 (25.3 +/- 2.9%). These results indicate that neuronal gene expression in visceral sensory pathways can be upregulated by chemical irritation of afferent receptors in the urinary tract and/or that pathological changes in the urinary tract can initiate chemical signals that alter the chemical properties of visceral afferent neurons.

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Rat spinal cord neurons contain nitric oxide synthase

Cited by 220 publications

References 31 publications

Nitrergic Neurons in the Spinal Cord of the Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)

Nitrergic Neurons in the Spinal Cord of the Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)

The Effects of Daily Repeated Magnetic Field on S-Nitroso-N-acetyl-DL penicillamine Induced Hyperalgesia

Increased expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in bladder afferent pathways following chronic bladder irritation

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