Rat poison and food security in the People’s Republic of China: focus on tetramethylene disulfotetramine (tetramine)

Croddy, Eric

doi:10.1007/s00204-003-0509-0

Cited by 42 publications

(44 citation statements)

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“…LD 50 of 0.11-0.22 mg/kg in mice and rats, leading to its use as a rodenticide until it was banned worldwide in the early 1990s (2,8,9). However, it is still available illegally and responsible for accidental or intentional poisonings in China and other countries.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…3A) was considerably more potent than three of its analogs assayed with either radioligand. The TETS-type compounds (1-5) and several insecticides or cage convulsants (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16) (Fig. 5) illustrate that EBOB and TBPO overlap the proposed TETS binding site (located around the 1′2′ region of the pore).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Baclofen at 1 μM and ethanol at 300 mM had apparently somewhat different effects with the two radioligands (SI Appendix, section S3). However, TETS poisoning cases in humans have been treated with diazepam, allopregnanolone, and NaDMPS with little or no benefit (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15). The GABA A R is the target of many toxicants for mammals (TETS) and insects (insecticides) and exists in a multiplicity of subunit and interface combinations (43,44), allowing high toxicity that reaches its extreme for mammals with TETS and some other small-cage convulsants.…”

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confidence: 99%

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GABA _A receptor target of tetramethylenedisulfotetramine

Zhao

Hwang

Buchholz³

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Significance Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS) is a feared chemical threat agent because of its high convulsant toxicity, ease of synthesis, and availability even though it is banned as a rodenticide. Earlier physiological evidence indicating action as a GABA receptor antagonist and inhibitor of [ 35 S]TBPS and [ 3 H]EBOB binding is confirmed here by radiosynthesis of [ 14 C]TETS and defining its binding site in rat brain membranes by accelerator mass spectrometry and toxicant specificity studies on inhibition of [ 14 C]TETS and [ 3 H]EBOB binding. TETS undergoes specific and unique polar interactions inside the 1′2′ ring pore region instead of the 2′,6′, and 9′ site for insecticides. This study helps define GABA A R sites for potential antidotes acting to prevent TETS binding or displace it from its binding site.

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confidence: 99%

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GABA _A receptor target of tetramethylenedisulfotetramine

Zhao

Hwang

Buchholz³

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Moreover, TETS is considered a chemical threat agent, and there is concern that it could result in mass casualties if released accidentally or as an act of terrorism (Jett and Yeung, 2010). Within 30 min to a few hours after exposure, humans poisoned with TETS exhibit generalized clonic-tonic convulsions that may be followed by coma and death (Barrueto et al, 2003;Croddy, 2004). The lethal dose in humans is believed to be similar to that in rodents (0.1 mg/kg; Guan et al, 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Seizures Induced by Acute and Repeated Exposure to Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine

Żółkowska

Banks

Dhir

et al. 2012

J Pharmacol Exp Ther

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Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (tetramine; TETS) is a potent convulsant poison that is considered to be a chemical threat agent. To provide a basis for the investigation of antidotes for TETS-induced seizures, we characterized the convulsant activity of TETS in mice and rats when administered by the intraperitoneal, intravenous, oral, and intraventricular routes as a single acute dose and with repeated sublethal doses. In mice, parenteral and oral TETS caused immobility, myoclonic body jerks, clonic seizures of the forelimbs and/or hindlimbs, tonic seizures, and death. The CD 50 values for clonic and tonic seizures after oral administration were 0.11 and 0.22 mg/kg, respectively. Intraventricular administration of TETS (5-100 g) in rats also caused clonic-tonic seizures and death. In mice, repeated sublethal doses of TETS at intervals of 2, 24, and 48 h failed to result in the development of persistent enhanced seizure responsivity ("kindling") as was observed with repeated pentylenetetrazol treatment. In mice, sublethal doses of TETS that produced clonic seizures did not cause observable structural brain damage as assessed with routine histology and Fluoro-Jade B staining 7 days after treatment. However, 1 to 3 days after a single convulsant dose of TETS the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, an astrocyte marker, and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1, a microglia marker, were markedly increased in cortex and hippocampus. Although TETS doses that are compatible with survival are not associated with overt evidence of cellular injury or neurodegeneration, there is transient reactive astrocytosis and microglial activation, indicating that brain inflammatory responses are provoked.

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“…While foreign objects are relatively low on the list of concerning agents, others such as pesticides and cyanide have the potential to cause a great deal of harm. Examples of the former include thallium (Peter and Viraraghavan, 2005) and tetramine (Croddy, 2004) which are both easily accessible in certain areas where they are used as rat poisons, and which have the potential to cause staggering levels of harm. For instance, in 2002 a man in China named Chen Zhengping used rat poison to contaminate the food of a rival snack bar owner, killing 42 and injuring another 300 (Croddy, 2004).…”

Section: Agents and Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poisoning expertise and outcomes in malicious contamination incidents

Kilbane

2018

JCP

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Purpose: It is often assumed that poisoners and product tamperers are likely to share an interest in or knowledge of poisonous substances. The purpose of this research is to determine whether perpetrators with existing poison knowledge will choose different contaminating agents than non-experts, as well as whether there is a link between poison expertise and outcomes in malicious contamination cases. Based on their expertise, it is expected that those perpetrators with some form of existing poison knowledge would select more concerning and difficult to obtain agents, and that attacks committed by experts would result in more harm than attacks by non-experts.Methodology: A content analysis was conducted on qualitative descriptions of malicious contamination events, with relevant behavioural variables identified as being present or absent for each individual case. Differences between experts and non-experts in agent choice and incident outcome were then explored using descriptive statistics, contingency tables and Mann-Whitney U tests.Findings: Agent choice was found to differ between experts and non-experts, with different agents chosen depending on whether the event was a threat or a genuine contamination incident. However, attacks by poison experts were found to be no more deadly than attacks perpetrated by non-experts.Value: This research provides the first known analysis comparing agent choice and outcomes in malicious contamination incidents as a factor of perpetrator knowledge. Investigative applications are discussed.

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Rat poison and food security in the People’s Republic of China: focus on tetramethylene disulfotetramine (tetramine)

Cited by 42 publications

References 4 publications

GABA _A receptor target of tetramethylenedisulfotetramine

GABA _A receptor target of tetramethylenedisulfotetramine

Characterization of Seizures Induced by Acute and Repeated Exposure to Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine

Poisoning expertise and outcomes in malicious contamination incidents

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Rat poison and food security in the People’s Republic of China: focus on tetramethylene disulfotetramine (tetramine)

Cited by 42 publications

References 4 publications

GABA A receptor target of tetramethylenedisulfotetramine

GABA A receptor target of tetramethylenedisulfotetramine

Characterization of Seizures Induced by Acute and Repeated Exposure to Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine

Poisoning expertise and outcomes in malicious contamination incidents

Contact Info

Product

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About

GABA _A receptor target of tetramethylenedisulfotetramine

GABA _A receptor target of tetramethylenedisulfotetramine