Rastonia solanacearum type Ⅲ effectors target host 14-3-3 proteins to suppress plant immunity

A 14-3-3 Protein Ca16R Acts Positively in Pepper Immunity against Ralstonia solanacearum by Interacting with CaASR1

“…14-3-3 proteins have been found to be involved in the regulation of plant immunity [9][10][11][12][13][14] by targeting NLRs [15], MAPKKKs [9,14,15], substrates of CDPKs [16], RIN4 and GCN4 [17], and transcription factors such as GRAS proteins (by regulating its stability) [18]. Their roles as crucial regulators in plant immunity is reflected in their frequent attack or hijacking by pathogen effectors to weaken plant immune responses or increase pathogen virulence [10,[19][20][21][22][23][24]. However, the roles of 14-3-3 proteins in plant immunity and the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood.…”

“…Both CaWRKY40 and CabZIP63 are modulated by other regulatory proteins post-translationally, for example, to activate pepper immunity, CaWRKY40 is regulated by CaWRKY28 [28] and CabZIP63 is modulated by CaASR1, an abscisic acid-, stress-, and ripening-inducible protein [33]. In addition, it has recently been found that the 14-3-3 proteins SlTFT4 and SlTFT7 have been targeted by R. solanacearum type III effectors to suppress host immunity [19,20], implying that 14-3-3 proteins might be involved in pepper immunity against R. solanacearum. However, no 14-3-3 protein has been found to play a role in pepper immunity against R. solanacearum.…”