In this study, we analyzed the impact of a perfect fluid on the phase transition of
Anti-de Sitter (AdS) black holes within the Rastall gravitational background. Compared
to similar studies in the literature, the findings of this work are highlighted by the deter-
mination of analytical expressions for critical points for charged and Kerr-Newman AdS
black holes using approximated formulas for the horizon radius. An accurate analysis of
these new analytical expressions allowed us to discover a new viable condition that relates
ω
the Rastall parameter κλ to the equation of state parameter ω, expressed as: κλ = 1+ω
.
Thanks to this new condition, we were able to reproduce all the analytical expressions
of critical points calculated within the framework of Einstein’s general relativity for two
cases: a charged AdS black hole and a rotating AdS black hole. These findings suggest
that Rastall gravity, considering this new condition, could serve as an alternative theory
of gravitation to general relativity. The approximate expression of the horizon radius also
enabled the exploration of the distinctiveness of fractional-order phase transitions in these
AdS black holes. Furthermore, we calculated the critical exponents, offering insights into
the behavior of crucial thermodynamic quantities near the inflection point. Examining
how a perfect fluid influences phase transition reveals various critical behaviors, demon-
strating that the variation in the phase transition depends on the intensity of the perfect
fluid. Notably, this variation is portrayed by a linearly increasing trajectory with the
escalation of this intensity.