Rare Quadricuspid aortic valve with acute early incapacitation

Abstract

A 39-year-old male patient from a county health facility presented to our department with a one-year history of progressive exertional chest tightness (NYHA class III-IV), which resolved completely within five to six minutes of rest. Both motion and static imaging results revealed a rare solitary Quadricuspid aortic valve (QAV) with severe aortic valve regurgitation. The QAV was replaced with mechanical prosthetic valve via mini-superior sternotomy on cardiopulmonary bypass machine. The patient was reviewed a month after operation, and assessment revealed that he had reverted to NYHA class-I. A rare congenital lesion such as QAV, repair may not be the best option due to lack of long-term data on longevity. Additionally, choice of a mechanical prosthetic valve guarantees unwanted re-operations associated with possible failure of bioprosthetic valves.

A review of research on learning support in mathematics education in Sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

“…Research indicates that mathematics education does not receive much attention in Zimbabwe at college level during teacher training; they become mathematics content specialists rather than mathematics education teachers (Makamure, 2016), whereas Zambian pre-service teachers lacked the relevant mathematical knowledge and the mathematical pedagogical knowledge upon the completion of their training (Changwe, 2017). In addition, a Botswana study reveals that special education student-teachers were not prepared to meet the learning needs of different categories of learners with disabilities in an inclusive setting (Moswela et al, 2009).…”