Rare Earth Elements Uptake by Synthetic Polymeric and Cellulose-Based Materials: A Review

Salfate, Gabriel; Sánchez, Julio

doi:10.3390/polym14214786

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 105 publications

(373 reference statements)

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“…They are also popular supporting materials for other functional materials in composite sorbents. We will discuss the application of synthetic polymers, natural polymers, and supramolecular receptors as sorbents for the recovery of precious metals, [105,120] nutrients, [87,121] REEs, [122] and other critical resources.…”

Section: Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Material Design Strategies for Recovery of Critical Resources from Water

et al. 2023

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Population growth, urbanization, and decarbonization efforts are collectively straining the supply of limited resources that are necessary to produce batteries, electronics, chemicals, fertilizers, and other important products. Securing the supply chains of these critical resources via the development of separation technologies for their recovery represents a major global challenge to ensure stability and security. Surface water, groundwater, and wastewater are emerging as potential new sources to bolster these supply chains. Recently, a variety of material‐based technologies have been developed and employed for separations and resource recovery in water. Judicious selection and design of these materials to tune their properties for targeting specific solutes is central to realizing the potential of water as a source for critical resources. Here, the materials that are developed for membranes, sorbents, catalysts, electrodes, and interfacial solar steam generators that demonstrate promise for applications in critical resource recovery are reviewed. In addition, a critical perspective is offered on the grand challenges and key research directions that need to be addressed to improve their practical viability.

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Section: Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Material Design Strategies for Recovery of Critical Resources from Water

et al. 2023

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“…Polymeric materials have recently gained considerable attention due to their potential applications in the retrieval of REEs [31][32][33][34][35]. These materials offer a suite of advantages, including their capacity for selective adsorption, adaptability for functionalization, scalability, regenerability, minimized environmental footprint, and waste reduction.…”

Section: Polymeric Materials For Rees Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymeric Materials for Rare Earth Elements Recovery

Zhang,

Gao

2023

Gels

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Rare earth elements (REEs) play indispensable roles in various advanced technologies, from electronics to renewable energy. However, the heavy global REEs supply and the environmental impact of traditional mining practices have spurred the search for sustainable REEs recovery methods. Polymeric materials have emerged as promising candidates due to their selective adsorption capabilities, versatility, scalability, and regenerability. This paper provides an extensive overview of polymeric materials for REEs recovery, including polymeric resins, polymer membranes, cross-linked polymer networks, and nanocomposite polymers. Each category is examined for its advantages, challenges, and notable developments. Furthermore, we highlight the potential of polymeric materials to contribute to eco-friendly and efficient REEs recovery, while acknowledging the need to address challenges such as selectivity, stability, and scalability. The research in this field actively seeks innovative solutions to reduce reliance on hazardous chemicals and minimize waste generation. As the demand for REEs continues to rise, the development of sustainable REEs recovery technologies remains a critical area of investigation, with the collaboration between researchers and industry experts driving progress in this evolving field.

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“…As indispensable resources, REEs play crucial roles in diverse technological applications, including intelligent and sustainable technologies and industrial raw materials. Comprising 17 elements such as lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, and yttrium [1], REEs are not as scarce as their name implies, Abundant in the Earth's crust, their prevalence exceeds that of silver (Ag) and mercury (Hg) [3]. The initial discovery dates back to 1788, when Johan Gadolin isolated an oxide named "yttria," later identified as a mixture of various rare earth oxides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting the Production and Depletion of Rare Earth Elements and Their Influence on Energy Sector Sustainability through the Utilization of Multilevel Linear Prediction Mixed-Effects Models with R Software

El Azhari,

Cherif,

El Halimi

et al. 2024

Sustainability

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For many years, rare earth elements (REEs) have been part of a wide range of applications (from cell phones and batteries to electric vehicles and wind turbines) needed for daily life all over the world. Moreover, they are often declared to be part of “green technology”. Therefore, the data obtained from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) on the reserve and production of rare earth elements underwent treatment using the multivariate imputation by chained equations (MICE) algorithm to recover missing data. Initially, a simple linear regression model was chosen, which only considered fixed effects (β) and ignored random effects (Ui). However, recognizing the importance of accounting for random effects, the study subsequently employed the multilevel Linear Mixed-Effects (LME) model. This model allows for the simultaneous estimation of both fixed effects and random effects, followed by the estimation of variance parameters (γ, ρ, and σ2). The study demonstrated that the adjusted values closely align with the actual values, as indicated by the p-values being less than 0.05. Moreover, this model effectively captures the sample’s error, fixed, and random components. Also, in this range, the findings indicated two standard deviation measurements for fixed and random effects, along with a variance measurement, which exhibits significant predictive capabilities. Furthermore, within this timeframe, the study provided predictions for world reserves of rare earth elements in various countries until 2053, as well as world production forecasts through 2051. Notably, China is expected to maintain its dominant position in both reserve and production, with an estimated production volume of 101,985.246 tons, followed by the USA with a production volume of 15,850.642 tons. This study also highlights the periodic nature of production, with a specific scale, as well as periodicity in reserve. These insights can be utilized to define and quantify sustainability and to mitigate environmental hazards associated with the use of rare earth materials in the energy industry. Additionally, they can aid in making informed decisions regarding at-risk rare earth reserves, considering potential future trends in electric vehicle (EV) production up to the year 2050.

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Rare Earth Elements Uptake by Synthetic Polymeric and Cellulose-Based Materials: A Review

Cited by 11 publications

References 105 publications

Material Design Strategies for Recovery of Critical Resources from Water

Material Design Strategies for Recovery of Critical Resources from Water

Polymeric Materials for Rare Earth Elements Recovery

Predicting the Production and Depletion of Rare Earth Elements and Their Influence on Energy Sector Sustainability through the Utilization of Multilevel Linear Prediction Mixed-Effects Models with R Software

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