Rare chemical burns: Review of the Literature

Akelma, Hakan; Karahan, Zeki Ayhan

doi:10.1111/iwj.13193

Cited by 22 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…Acidic agents cause coagulative necrosis by denaturing and coagulating proteins. Alkaline agents cause liquefactive necrosis by hydrolyzing key biological molecules such as lipids and proteins, which is deeper than acidic injury 7,8 . In our experiment, litmus paper detected two pH values of 3 and more than 12. pH 3 suggested HClO + HCl, and pH > 12 suggested NaOH.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

iPhone charger‐induced chemical burn from overnight contact with sweat: Two cases

Nakagawa

Uchida

Morizane

2020

The Journal of Dermatology

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Smartphones have become essential devices in modern society. The coverage rate of smartphones in 2017 in Japan was 75% according to the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. The iPhone is one of the most well-known smartphone brands. According to the manufacturer of iPhones (Apple), more than 200 million iPhones had been sold worldwide by 2017. These devices are often charged at night-time, especially while being used in bed. There are only three reports of smartphone charger-induced skin damage. We present two new cases of skin ulcers induced by an iPhone charger. The iPhone's "lightning cable" has electrodes outside, and we found that this can present a higher risk of causing a skin injury compared with other types of phone chargers. We also investigated the mechanism of the skin ulcers caused by the iPhone charger. The results indicated that these ulcers were chemical burns rather than an electrical injury or heat-induced burn.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

iPhone charger‐induced chemical burn from overnight contact with sweat: Two cases

Nakagawa

Uchida

Morizane

2020

The Journal of Dermatology

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“…Vinegar has been used to treat wounds by Hippocrates since the year 420 BC when its medicinal effects were already well‐known 1 . Interest in alternative medicine treatments and adjuvants to medical treatments is increasing 77 among both patients and doctors, leading some patients to attempt home treatment with vinegar, which can result in unintended complications, such as burns 68,70,71 . Vinegar represents a widely available and inexpensive therapeutic with potential in dermatology, and it is important for dermatologists to have an understanding of the evidence to make recommendations to guide patients in utilizing it safely and effectively.…”

Section: Discussion/conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Burn injuries can be caused by vinegar, especially when used on children 68 . They can arise due to the denaturation of proteins by the formation of esters or chelation of ions necessary for tissue viability 69 .…”

Section: Adverse Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Burn injuries can be caused by vinegar, especially when used on children. 68 They can arise due to the denaturation of proteins by the formation of esters or chelation of ions necessary for tissue viability. 69 A 13-year-old boy suffered facial burns after using a solution of AA, composed of 0.2 g dichloroacetic acid, 0.8 g monochloroacetic acid, and 9 g trichloroacetic acid, for treatment of a facial wart.…”

Section: Adverse Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acetic acid and the skin: a review of vinegar in dermatology

2021

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Vinegar is commonly used as a home remedy for many skin problems. It is important for dermatologists to understand the evidence supporting its use in skin disease, as well as potential adverse effects, so they can properly counsel patients on the safe use of this widely available treatment. Vinegar possesses antimicrobial and antioxidant properties that provide utility in wound care as well as bacterial and fungal infections. There is also evidence to support its use in pruritus, head lice removal, and treatment of striae gravidarum. While generally safe, inappropriate use can result in damage to the skin. In this review, we discuss the evidence supporting vinegar as a treatment for skin disease, as well as adverse events reported from misuse, to provide dermatologists the knowledge to counsel patients on the safe and appropriate use of vinegar.

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“…In addition, a shorter replacement cycle of H 3 PO 4 increases the process cost . HF is also known to etch Si 3 N 4 , − but it is a highly corrosive and dangerous substance that can seriously damage the skin upon contact. , HF also causes various problems in terms of EHS. Therefore, an environmentally benign Si 3 N 4 etching process without H 3 PO 4 and HF should be proposed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Addition of Carboxylic Acids to Superheated Water for the Environmentally Benign Removal of Silicon Nitrides

Son

Park

Lim

2021

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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The conventional Si 3 N 4 etching process using H 3 PO 4 or HF may cause environment, health, and safety issues. In this study, by adding ionic compounds and carboxylic acids to superheated water, the etching of Si 3 N 4 was demonstrated without the use of H 3 PO 4 and HF. In ionic-compound-containing superheated water, the etching rate of Si 3 N 4 (R Si 3 N 4 ) showed a strong dependence on the OH − concentration: R Si 3 N 4 ≈ 170[OH − ] 0.12 . However, the material loss of the Si substrate is inevitable because of the high OH − concentration in aqueous solution. The addition of carboxylic acid to superheated water also increased the etching rate of Si 3 N 4 . In carboxylic-acid-containing superheated water, the etching rate of Si 3 N 4 was dependent on the concentration of the carboxylate ion, RCOO − , rather than the OH − concentration: R Si 3 N 4 ≈ 351[RCOO − ] 0.49 = 7.6 × 10 −4 [OH − ] −0.49 . It is suggested that RCOO − breaks the Si−N bond of Si 3 N 4 and forms Si−(OOCR) n in an S N 2-like reaction. Finally, Si 3 N 4 is etched in the form of Si(OH) 4 in the superheated water containing carboxylic acids. In addition, this new aqueous process significantly reduced the material loss of the Si substrate that can occur during the etching of Si 3 N 4 . Since the use of H 3 PO 4 or HF is avoided entirely, the ecofriendly Si 3 N 4 etching process described in this study may reduce the potential environmental and safety problems associated with the conventional Si 3 N 4 etching process.

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Rare chemical burns: Review of the Literature

Cited by 22 publications

References 25 publications

iPhone charger‐induced chemical burn from overnight contact with sweat: Two cases

iPhone charger‐induced chemical burn from overnight contact with sweat: Two cases

Acetic acid and the skin: a review of vinegar in dermatology

Addition of Carboxylic Acids to Superheated Water for the Environmentally Benign Removal of Silicon Nitrides

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