Raptors at risk: Attributes of mortality within an anthropogenic landscape in the Mid-Hills region of Nepal

Adhikari, Binaya; Bhandari, Shivish; Baral, Kedar; Lamichhane, Sandesh; Subedi, Suresh C.

doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02258

Cited by 9 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…Cervidae and Felidae families were the most frequent taxon admitted at the WRC compared to other families. The frequency of admission could also be linked with the abundance of these species, as both of these families are the most commonly found mammalian families in mid-hill regions around the WRC (Adhikari, Baral, et al, 2022;Baral et al, 2021;Nagarkoti & Thapa, 2007). However, differences in mortality rates between these six taxon are likely to do with differences in their foraging behavior and vulnerability to human-wildlife conflicts.…”

Section: Prevalence Of Mortality and Survivability Among Admitted Mam...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, differences in mortality rates between these six taxon are likely to do with differences in their foraging behavior and vulnerability to human-wildlife conflicts. For instance, a large number of Felid family admittances are likely to be associated with the escalating human-carnivore conflict in the region (Adhikari, Baral, et al, 2022;Baral et al, 2021;Treves & Karanth, 2003). The escalating urbanization, human encroachment, and wild prey scarcity due to decreasing habitat size may cause these species to wander around human settlements to hunt for livestock as easy alternatives of prey (Baral et al, 2021).…”

Section: Prevalence Of Mortality and Survivability Among Admitted Mam...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Athreya et al, 2016). Both appear to be handled as pests or threats and attempted to be disposed in such scenarios (Adhikari, Baral, et al, 2022). At the same time, road-kill and collision cases are growing rapidly due to increasing road networks and traffic, aggravating the frequency of traumatic injuries (Schwartz et al, 2020).…”

Section: Mortality Causes and Major Threatsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…How to cite this article: Adhikari, B., Baral, K., Bhandari, S., Kunwar, R. M., & Subedi, S. C. (2022). Prevalence of mortality in mammals: A retrospective study from wildlife rescue center of Nepal.…”

Section: Acknowledgmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, anthropogenic encroachment has increased wildlife's exposure to novel pathogens (Daszak et al, 2000), decreased suitable habitat/ breeding areas (Bhandari, Adhikari, Baral, Panthi, et al, 2022;Gardner et al, 2009;Segelbacher et al, 2008), and increased killing due to gunshots, poisonings, traffic collisions, traps, attack from dogs, etc. (Adhikari, Bhandari, et al, 2022;Glista et al, 2009;Loveridge et al, 2017;Ntemiri et al, 2018;Thapa, 2014). As a result, wildlife mortality has increased globally which has created serious concern in the field of wildlife management.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of mortality in mammals: A retrospective study from wildlife rescue center of Nepal

Adhikari

Baral

Bhandari

et al. 2022

Conservat Sci and Prac

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To assess threats to the population of native mammals and their survival, we performed a retrospective study utilizing a rescue and rehabilitation database from Nepal. Based on a total number of 1013 cases involving six taxonomic families of mammals admitted over five years, the outcome (mortality and survivability) differed significantly among six taxa (χ2[df = 5, N = 1013] = 65.08, p < .001). The mortality rate was highest in Felidae (74%), followed by Herpestidae (69%), Viverridae (62%), Bovidae (50%), Cervidae (50%), and Cercopithecidae (38%). The outcome also differed significantly among the causes of admission (χ2[df = 9, N = 1013] = 241.48, p < .001). The prevalence of mortality was highest in the cases of gunshot and poisoning, followed by collision with a vehicle, diseases/infection, entanglement/trapped, injured by dogs/cats, abandoned/orphaned, injured by humans, unknown causes, and domestic/captivity issues. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed the significant influence of taxonomic family, age group, and cause of admission on the likelihood of mortality of the rescued mammals. The odds ratio of mortality was higher for carnivore taxa, and juveniles were more likely to succumb to death than adults. Our study provides important information associated with the mortality of rescued mammals, thereby assisting in the development and formulation of strategies for threat mitigation and an efficient rehabilitation process.

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Section: Prevalence Of Mortality and Survivability Among Admitted Mam...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Prevalence Of Mortality and Survivability Among Admitted Mam...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mortality Causes and Major Threatsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Acknowledgmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of mortality in mammals: A retrospective study from wildlife rescue center of Nepal

Adhikari

Baral

Bhandari

et al. 2022

Conservat Sci and Prac

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Prey selection by leopards (Panthera pardus fusca) in the mid‐hill region of Nepal

Baral,

Bhandari,

Adhikari

et al. 2024

Ecology and Evolution

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Information on prey selection and the diet of the leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) is essential for leopard conservation. We conducted an investigation into the prey species and the proportion of each species in the leopard's diet in a human‐dominated mid‐hill region of Nepal. The analysis of 96 leopard scats collected between August 2020 and March 2021 revealed that leopards consumed 15 prey species, including small‐ and medium‐sized mammals and livestock. In addition to these prey species, we also found plastic materials, bird feathers, and some unidentified items in the leopard scats. Wild ungulates (such as barking deer, Muntiacus muntjak and wild boar, Sus scrofa) constituted only 10% of the biomass in the scats, while livestock contributed 27%, and other wild prey contributed 50%. Among all species, domestic goats had the highest relative biomass in the scats, followed by the jungle cat (Felis chaus), domestic dog (Canis familiaris), and large Indian civet (Viverra zibetha). Similarly, the Indian hare (Lepus nigricollis) had the highest proportion of relative individuals present in the scat samples, followed by the jungle cat and the large Indian civet. A lower proportion of biomass from wild ungulates in the leopard's diet and a higher dependency of the leopard on domestic prey and other wild prey indicate a shortage of medium‐sized wild prey, such as barking deer and wild boar, in leopard habitats. Therefore, the conservation of wild prey species, especially medium‐sized prey, is crucial for reducing the leopard's dependence on livestock and mitigating human‐leopard conflicts in the future.

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Anthropogenic mortality of large mammals and trends of conflict over two decades in Nepal

Baral

Bhandari

Adhikari

et al. 2022

Ecology and Evolution

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Wildlife conservation in human‐dominated landscapes faces increased challenges due to rising conflicts between humans and wildlife. We investigated the human and wildlife loss rates due to human–wildlife conflict between 2000 and 2020 in Nepal. We concentrated on Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus ), greater one‐horned rhino ( Rhinoceros unicornis ), tiger ( Panthera tigirs ), and leopard ( Panthera pardus ) mortality, as well as human mortality caused by these species. Over the 21‐year period, we recorded 1139 cases of wildlife mortality and 887 cases of human mortality. Leopard mortality was the highest, followed by that of greater one‐horned rhinos, tigers, and Asian elephants. Overall, the rate of wildlife mortality has been increasing over the years. Asian elephants were found to be more responsible for crop damage than greater one‐horned rhinos, while leopards were found to be more responsible for livestock depredation than tigers. The generalized linear model indicated that the mortality of wildlife in the districts is best predicted by the additive effect of human mortality, the proportion of agricultural land, and the literacy rate of the districts. Retaliatory wildlife mortality was the most challenging issue for wildlife conservation, especially for the large mammals. Findings from this study are important for mitigation of human–wildlife conflicts, controlling retaliatory killing, and conserving these threatened large mammals.

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Raptors at risk: Attributes of mortality within an anthropogenic landscape in the Mid-Hills region of Nepal

Cited by 9 publications

References 100 publications

Prevalence of mortality in mammals: A retrospective study from wildlife rescue center of Nepal

Prevalence of mortality in mammals: A retrospective study from wildlife rescue center of Nepal

Prey selection by leopards (Panthera pardus fusca) in the mid‐hill region of Nepal

Anthropogenic mortality of large mammals and trends of conflict over two decades in Nepal

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