Rappaport, Glisson, Hering, and Mall—Champions of Liver Microanatomy: Microscopic and Ultramicroscopic Anatomy of the Liver Into the Modern Age

Late-onset Rupture of the Intrahepatic Pseudoaneurysm Developed by Endoscopic Ultrasonography-guided Hepaticogastrostomy: A Case Report and Literature Review

“…Intrahepatic pseudoaneurysms can develop anywhere in the liver if the drill dilator is in proximity within an artery. However, the hepatic arteries are enveloped in Glisson's cap- sule, with the bile duct and portal veins extending from the liver hilum to the periphery (16,17). Therefore, the vessels in the Glisson's capsule are always at risk of being injured by the drill dilator.…”

Diagnostic Challenges during Inflammation and Cancer: Current Biomarkers and Future Perspectives in Navigating through the Minefield of Reactive versus Dysplastic and Cancerous Lesions in the Digestive System

“…The hepatocytes are organized into functional units; the most relevant ones for histopathological assessment are the hepatic lobule (also known as classic) and hepatic acini. The hepatic lobules are roughly hexagonal in shape, consisting of a central vein with cords of hepatocytes radiating to portal triads set at the angles of the hexagon [86]. The acinar model defined by A. Rappaport is as an elliptical area in which blood flowing from the portal venule and hepatic arteriole drains through the liver sinusoids and empties into the terminal hepatic venule (i.e., central vein) [86].…”

“…The hepatic lobules are roughly hexagonal in shape, consisting of a central vein with cords of hepatocytes radiating to portal triads set at the angles of the hexagon [86]. The acinar model defined by A. Rappaport is as an elliptical area in which blood flowing from the portal venule and hepatic arteriole drains through the liver sinusoids and empties into the terminal hepatic venule (i.e., central vein) [86]. Periportal hepatocytes are the most oxygenated, designated as zone 1; oxygenation is reduced in the intermediary zone 2 and reaches its lowest in the centrilobular zone 3, including hepatocytes around the terminal hepatic venules, which are more susceptible to ischemia and toxic-induced injury.…”

A history of research into the physiology of bile, from Hippocrates to molecular medicine

“…Five years later, in a landmark paper, Ivar Sperber, 35 from Uppsala (Sweden), proposed that "the primary event in bile formation would be the active transfer (from the cells or through the cells) of bile acids (and possibly other, less quantitatively important compounds) into the bile capillaries that nowadays are called bile canaliculi. 22 The osmotic effect of these solutes would result in a flow of water and dissolved molecules and ions into bile capillaries. In support of this theory, Sperber 35 showed experimentally that bile flow was positively related to bile salt excretion rates in bile.…”

“…As for the mechanism for bile, once formed , to flow downstream out of the canaliculi, it stands to reason that it must be hydrostatic because the primary force for secretion by hepatocytes is the osmotic pressure generated by concentrative bile acid translocation across the canalicular membranes. In the absence of bile secretory failure or biliary obstruction, bile flows from the canaliculi via the canals of Hering 22 into the biliary tree. Although not subscribing to Glisson's irritability hypothesis, bile flow from central regions of the lobule to the bile ducts is enhanced by canalicular “peristalsis” because of coordinated calcium‐stimulated contractions of pericanicular actin‐myosin microfilaments 73,74 .…”