Rapid synthesis of titanium nitride powder by electrical discharge assisted mechanical milling

Mosbah, Ahmed Y.; Całka, A.; Wexler, David

doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.11.089

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In general, when solid-gas reactions are performed, significantly longer milling times are needed than when only solid phases are involved. Calka et al 456 have developed a method that combines mechanical milling with an electrical discharge to enhance the reaction rate and reduce total milling time. Full conversion into c-TiN was observed after milling Ti in N 2 for only 30 min.…”

Section: Carbides Nitrides Borides and Silicidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hallmarks of mechanochemistry: from nanoparticles to technology

et al. 2013

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The aim of this review article on recent developments of mechanochemistry (nowadays established as a part of chemistry) is to provide a comprehensive overview of advances achieved in the field of atomistic processes, phase transformations, simple and multicomponent nanosystems and peculiarities of mechanochemical reactions. Industrial aspects with successful penetration into fields like materials engineering, heterogeneous catalysis and extractive metallurgy are also reviewed. The hallmarks of mechanochemistry include influencing reactivity of solids by the presence of solid-state defects, interphases and relaxation phenomena, enabling processes to take place under non-equilibrium conditions, creating a well-crystallized core of nanoparticles with disordered near-surface shell regions and performing simple dry time-convenient one-step syntheses. Underlying these hallmarks are technological consequences like preparing new nanomaterials with the desired properties or producing these materials in a reproducible way with high yield and under simple and easy operating conditions. The last but not least hallmark is enabling work under environmentally friendly and essentially waste-free conditions (822 references).

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Section: Carbides Nitrides Borides and Silicidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hallmarks of mechanochemistry: from nanoparticles to technology

et al. 2013

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“…The N atoms was also reported to likely diffuse through the Ti crystal lattice by moving through the interstitial sites of the Ti unto the subsurface and bulk regions of Ti [27][28][29]. The diffusion of N atoms into Ti is probably promoted by the combined effects of accumulated defects (such as twinning, dislocations and induced strain), generation of large surface area as well as induced local temperature and pressure on the Ti particles during high energy ball milling [6,7,17,19].…”

Section: Possible Formation Mechanisms Of Ti 2 N and Tin Before Ignitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other methods such as combustion synthesis by thermal heating of Ti under nitrogen gas or ammonia gas [13,14], direct heating of Ti-Si ingot under combined atmosphere of N2-H2-Ar [15] and direct reaction of titanium powders with nitrogen gas at very high temperature [16] have been reported as typical routes to produce TiN. More recently, electrical dischargeassisted mechanical milling (EDMM) of titanium powders under nitrogen plasma has been carried out to produce TiN [17]. Of all these approaches, high-energy ball milling of elemental titanium powders under nitrogen atmosphere has been identified as one of the most convenient and easy routes to produce TiN in powder form [1,18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding reaction sequences and mechanisms during synthesis of nanocrystalline Ti2N and TiN via magnetically controlled ball milling of Ti in nitrogen

2017

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Mechanically induced reactive synthesis of TiN via magnetically controlled ball milling of titanium under nitrogen gas was investigated using X-ray diffraction, advanced electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Ball milling of titanium powder with nitrogen gas was performed in Uni-Ball-Mill, with external temperature of the vial and initial pressures of the nitrogen gas monitored, while the milled samples were taken out periodically, both before and after detection of an exothermic ignition point. Before ignition, nitrogen-enriched Ti, small proportions of TiN and very minor amounts of Ti 2 N are formed, in addition to the heavily deformed Ti. Raman spectroscopy revealed the pre-ignition products to include off-stoichiometric nitrides (TiN x ) and oxynitride skin (TiO x N y ). The formation of the new TiN and Ti 2 N products before ignition was attributed to the diffusion of highly polarized active N atoms into the mechanically activated clean surfaces of Ti, followed by local reaction. This local reaction is likely promoted by numerous cycles of induced local temperature rise and rapid quenching, large surface area and accumulation of deformation defects. After the exothermic ignition, there was rapid nucleation of new TiN crystals, and simultaneous growth of the pre-existing TiN and the newly formed TiN crystals. This understanding explains the reaction pathways leading to the formation of small proportions of TiN and very minor amounts of Ti 2 N before ignition and the thin-plated TiN after ignition. . (2018). Understanding reaction sequences and mechanisms during synthesis of nanocrystalline Ti2N and TiN via magnetically controlled ball milling of Ti in nitrogen. ABSTRACTMechanically induced reactive synthesis of TiN via magnetically controlled ball milling of titanium under nitrogen gas was investigated using X-ray diffraction, advanced electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Ball milling of titanium powder with nitrogen gas was performed in Uni-Ball-Mill, with external temperature of the vial and initial pressures of the nitrogen gas monitored, while the milled samples were taken out periodically, both before and after detection of an exothermic ignition point. Before ignition, nitrogen-enriched Ti, small proportions of TiN and very minor amounts of Ti2N are formed, in addition to the heavily deformed Ti. Raman spectroscopy revealed the preignition products to include off-stoichiometric nitrides (TiNx) and oxynitride skin (TiOxNy). The formation of the new TiN and Ti2N products before ignition was attributed to the diffusion of highly polarized active N atoms into the mechanically activated clean surfaces of Ti, followed by local reaction. This local reaction is likely promoted by numerous cycles of induced local temperature rise and rapid quenching, large surface area and accumulation of deformation defects. After the exothermic ignition, there was rapid nucleation of new TiN crystals, and simultaneous growth of the pre-existing TiN and the newly formed TiN crystals. This understanding explains the ...

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“…14 An electrical discharge in a specially designed mill generated rapid fracture of Ti powder and a better uptake of N 2 to yield pure nanocrystalline TiN in just 30 min of reaction. 15 There was no TiN in the absence of a discharge.…”

Section: Andrew Hectormentioning

confidence: 97%