Rapid Staining Techniques in Cytopathology: A Review and Comparison of Modified Protocols for Hematoxylin and Eosin, Papanicolaou and Romanowsky Stains

Jörundsson, Einar; Lumsden, J. H.; Jacobs, Robert M.

doi:10.1111/j.1939-165x.1999.tb01057.x

Cited by 50 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Baig et al ( 2006 ) found that the use of a small hand-held fan can reduce the average time needed for air drying and does not cause a reduction in stain quality. Papanicolaou stains are commonly used in human laboratories, and Romanowsky variants are used in most veterinary laboratories, whilst Diff-Quik (a modified Romanowsky stain) is frequently used in clinics (Silverman & Frable 1990, Jörundsson et al 1999. Romanowsky stains have advantages over Papanicolaou stains, including excellent depiction of cytoplasmic detail and superior visibility of bacteria, mucin and colloid, whilst limitations of Romanowsky stains include reduced nuclear and nucleolar detail (Jörundsson et al 1999 ).…”

Section: Stainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recommendations for Diff-Quik staining techniques in the literature suggest at least 2 minutes or 20 rapid dips in alcohol, 1 minute or 20 rapid dips in stain I and 45 seconds or 20 rapid dips in stain II (Jörundsson et al 1999 ). In our experiences, this rec- ommendation appears excessive and may lead to an over-stained specimen, which could hinder diagnosis.…”

Section: Stainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The method can be adjusted based on the thickness of the tissue and freshness of the stain, but six to eight 1-second dips in stains I and II is usually sufficient. Dipping, rather than passive immersion, enhances staining and reduces the time required in solution (Jörundsson et al 1999 ). After staining, the slide should be gently rinsed for 20 seconds using room temperature water and be allowed to dry in a vertical position (Raskin & Meyer 2015 ).…”

Section: Stainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fine needle aspiration of abdominal organs: a review of current recommendations for achieving a diagnostic sample

Liffman

Courtman

2017

J of Small Animal Practice

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With the improved accessibility to ultrasound, fine needle aspiration of abdominal organs is now performed frequently in many veterinary practices. Despite this, there are many ‘unknowns’ as to the best method to produce a high‐quality sample. This report begins by highlighting recent literature on the risks and benefits of abdominal fine needle aspiration. It follows with recommendations about the equipment and method best suited to the procedure, including needle and syringe size and aspiration versus non‐aspiration techniques. Various smear preparations and laboratory submission requirements are also discussed. The final aspect of the review more specifically discusses fine needle aspiration of specific abdominal organs: the liver, kidney, spleen, pancreas, urinary bladder, prostate and abdominal lymph nodes.

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Section: Stainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Stainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Stainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fine needle aspiration of abdominal organs: a review of current recommendations for achieving a diagnostic sample

Liffman

Courtman

2017

J of Small Animal Practice

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“…To evaluate the presence of Candida species, the slides were stained with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) solution. Papanicolaou staining and PAS staining were performed in accordance with the conventional method (15,23). Cytomorphological features were classified according to the Papanicolaou classification (1960) as follows: Class I (normal): only normal cells observed; Class II (atypical): presence of minor atypia but no evidence of malignancy; Class III …”

Section: Cytomorphometric Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid detection of <i>Candida albicans</i> in oral exfoliative cytology samples by loop-mediated isothermal amplification

Noguchi

Igarashi

Omagari

et al. 2017

Journal of Oral Science

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Loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP) rapidly amplifies DNA under isothermal conditions. The aim of this study was to detect Candida albicans and compare the positivity rate in the LAMP reaction with that of conventional methods for oral exfoliative cytology (EC) samples. Sixty-eight EC samples from 53 patients were subjected to LAMP analysis. These patients had been clinically diagnosed with leukoplakia, squamous cell carcinoma, oral lichen planus (OLP), stomatitis, oral candidiasis, and other malignancies. LAMP reactions were defined as positive when the sample turbidity exceeded 0.1 (arbitrary unit). Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining and microbial culture were also performed to detect Candida species in EC samples. The LAMP reaction detected C. albicans in 42.6% of EC samples. Candida species were detected in 32.4% of the same samples by culturing and in 29.4% of samples by PAS staining. C. albicans DNA was detected most frequently in samples from OLP patients. We conclude that, in comparison to conventional methods for detection of C. albicans, the LAMP method is highly sensitive and timesaving, and does not require expensive equipment or diagnostic technology. It may therefore be useful for on-site screening of C. albicans at dental clinics.

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“…Therefore, the RAD-Pap stain should be useful for microscopic diagnosis of neoplastic tissues in veterinary medicine. The RAD-Pap stain for tumor cytology in dogs and horses [5], and exfoliative vaginal smear cytology in dogs [12], has been previously reported; however, the usefulness of the RAD-Pap stain for veterinary tumor cytology has not been fully evaluated, and no quantitative evidence has been reported previously. Therefore, in the present study, canine and feline tumor specimens were stained with RAD-Pap and quantitatively compared with Giemsa-stained specimens.…”

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confidence: 99%

Rapid-Air-Dry Papanicolaou Stain in Canine and Feline Tumor Cytology: A Quantitative Comparison with the Giemsa Stain

Sawa

Yabuki

Miyoshi

et al. 2012

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. The Papanicolaou stain is a gold-standard staining method for tumor diagnosis in human cytology. However, it has not been used routinely in veterinary cytology, because of its complicated multistep procedure and requirement for wet fixation. Currently, a rapid Papanicolaou stain using air-dried smears is utilized in human cytology, but usefulness of this rapid-air-dry Papanicolaou (RAD-Pap) stain in the veterinary field has not been fully evaluated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the RAD-Pap stain by using quantitative analysis. Air-dried impression smears were collected from tumor specimens and stained with RAD-Pap and Giemsa. Twelve parameters representing the criteria of malignancy were quantitated, and characteristics of the RAD-Pap were evaluated statistically. The RAD-Pap stain could be applied to all the smears, and images of nucleoli and chromatin patterns were clear and detailed. In quantitative analysis with the RAD-Pap stain, but not with the Giemsa stain, dispersion of nucleolus size and dispersion of nucleolus/nucleus ratio in malignant tumors were significantly higher than those in benign tumors. These findings demonstrated that the RAD-Pap stain was useful for obtaining detailed nuclear information, and the ability to differentiate benignity and malignancy by nucleolus findings was a principal advantage of this stain. This RAD-Pap stain could be routinely used as a supportive staining method in veterinary diagnostic cytology. The Papanicolaou (Pap) stain is used as a polychrome staining technique in human medicine [11], particularly in vaginal cytology for cervical cancer screening and sputum cytology for lung cancer screening. The advantage of the Pap stain is the ability to yield detailed information regarding nucleoli and chromatin pattern in the tumor cell nuclei. This is extremely important for diagnostic cytology, because nuclear detail is used to determine whether tumor cells are benign or malignant [13]. For this reason, Pap is a gold-standard staining method for diagnosis of neoplastic diseases in human medicine, and it is used for exfoliative cells or fine-needle biopsy specimens [8,21]. However, the traditional Pap stain requires wet fixation and a multistep staining procedure. Therefore, the Pap stain has not been used routinely for veterinary diagnostic cytology.A rapid Pap stain using air-dried smears was developed by Yang and Alvarez [17,20]. The procedure of this rapidair-dry Papanicolaou (RAD-Pap) stain is relatively simple and yields high quality images similar to those with traditional Pap. Following the development of the RAD-Pap stain, many modified procedures were reported, and the quality of the samples stained with RAD-Pap was noted as equal or superior to that of the traditional Pap [4]. In human medicine, the RAD-Pap stain has been used for cytological specimens such as fine-needle aspirations [7,20], scrape smears [1,3], and body-fluid smears [18], and usefulness of the RAD-Pap has been demonstrated in these reports.The difference b...

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Rapid Staining Techniques in Cytopathology: A Review and Comparison of Modified Protocols for Hematoxylin and Eosin, Papanicolaou and Romanowsky Stains

Cited by 50 publications

References 13 publications

Fine needle aspiration of abdominal organs: a review of current recommendations for achieving a diagnostic sample

Fine needle aspiration of abdominal organs: a review of current recommendations for achieving a diagnostic sample

Rapid detection of <i>Candida albicans</i> in oral exfoliative cytology samples by loop-mediated isothermal amplification

Rapid-Air-Dry Papanicolaou Stain in Canine and Feline Tumor Cytology: A Quantitative Comparison with the Giemsa Stain

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