Rapid sporulation of Bacillus anthracis in a high iron, glucose-free medium

Purohit, Mitali; Sassi-Gaha, Sihem; Rest, Richard F.

doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2010.07.004

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In a similar study, using a glucose-free media with the addition of iron nitrate, there was an increase in the formation of spores of B. anthracis up to 98% at the end of 36 hours with respect to the basis medium; this increase in sporulation was mainly due to the formation of iron-dependent enzymes, such as aconitase, which is a key factor in these processes [18]. On the other hand, the treatment with modified temperature was significantly higher in the final concentration of spores compared with the control (1.51 × 10 9 spore/ml) but showed a final concentration of cells too high (8.38 × 10 9 cells/ml), which led to the fall in the efficiency of sporulation.…”

Section: Sporulation Induction With Individual Factorsmentioning

confidence: 78%

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Improvement of Sporulation Conditions of a New Strain of <i>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</i> in Liquid Fermentation

Díaz-García¹,

García-Riaño²,

Zapata-Narvaez³

2015

ABB

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The desirable active ingredients for the development of bioproducts based in Bacillus sp. for the control of soil pathogens are the spores because these structures exhibit more resistance and stability to conditions present during the fermentation, formulation, and storage processes. To improve the sporulation of a native strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (Bs006) using liquid fermentation, some modifications in the concentrations of the components in a previously standardized culture media were made. Subsequently, five sporulation inducers (iron nitrate, mixture of salts, peroxide hydrogen, temperature, and initial cell concentration) were evaluated. The treatment with a mixture of salts in combination with an initial cell concentration of 1 × 10 8 cells/ml was selected because a final spore concentration of 1.05 × 10 10 spores/ml after 66 hours with a fully substrate consumption and sporulation efficiency of 88.7% was obtained. To demonstrate the biological activity of B. amyloliquefaciens Bs006 in Cape gooseberry seedlings, a greenhouse bioassay was conducted, and statistical differences in plant growth-promoting parameters compared with previous media were not found. Additionally, the proposed modified media (coded as JM) presented a benefit-cost ratio 2.65 times higher compared with the baseline media.

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Section: Sporulation Induction With Individual Factorsmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…The addition of ferric nitrate could be a stress factor for the bacteria, which leads to a more efficient process of sporulation; this might be due to the inhibition or activation of histidine phosphatases, which initiate the cascade of sporulation [18].…”

Section: Sporulation Induction With Combination Of Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement of Sporulation Conditions of a New Strain of <i>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</i> in Liquid Fermentation

Díaz-García¹,

García-Riaño²,

Zapata-Narvaez³

2015

ABB

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“…Bacillus strains were routinely grown in BHI medium, LB, or Msgg medium (28). In addition, various sporulation and biofilm-inducing media were used as follows: CDS-Glc (30); EPS (31); HCT (32); modified Tempest medium (33) with 5 mM phosphate and 0.1% glucose, modified-G medium (34); modified Schaeffer (35), also known as Difco sporulation media (DSM); and CDM medium (36). Spores were separated from medium of a 5-day culture by centrifugation (8,000 ϫ g, 10 min), washed with sterile deionized water (DDW), suspended, and pelleted again before storage (up to 1 month) to give a total yield of 10 9 per ml.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discovery of a Unique Extracellular Polysaccharide in Members of the Pathogenic Bacillus That Can Co-form with Spores

Li¹,

Hwang²,

Bar‐Peled³

2016

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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An exopolysaccharide, produced during the late stage of stationary growth phase, was discovered and purified from the culture medium of Bacillus cereus, Bacillus anthracis, and Bacillus thuringiensis when strains were grown in a defined nutrient medium that induces biofilm. Two-dimensional NMR structural characterization of the polysaccharide, named pzX, revealed that it is composed of an unusual three amino-sugar sequence repeat of [-3)XylNAc4OAc(␣1-3)GlcNAcA4OAc(␣1-3)XylNAc(␣1-] n . The sugar residue XylNAc had never been described previously in any glycan structure. The XNAC operon that contains the genes for the assembly of pzX is also unique and so far has been identified only in members of the Bacillus cereus sensu lato group. Microscopic and biochemical analyses indicate that pzX co-forms during sporulation, so that upon the release of the spore to the extracellular milieu it becomes surrounded by pzX. The relative amounts of pzX produced can be manipulated by specific nutrients in the medium, but rich medium appears to suppress pzX formation. pzX has the following unique characteristics: a surfactant property that lowers surface tension, a cell/spore antiaggregant, and an adherence property that increases spores binding to surfaces. pzX in Bacillus could represent a trait shared by many spore-producing microorganisms. It suggests pzX is an active player in spore physiology and may provide new insights to the successful survival of the B. cereus species in natural environments or in the hosts.In 1881, Louis Pasteur developed the first vaccine for anthrax, the devastating disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a Gram-positive endospore-forming bacterium. Since then, outbreaks of anthrax affecting humans and animals have dramatically decreased (1, 2), although infrequent incidents have been reported (3). However, letters containing B. anthracis spores sent by mail to United States officials a week after the September 11, 2001 attack, led to public fear of infection and the use of its spores as a bioweapon agent (4). B. anthracis, which elicits different disease phenotypes, is closely related in terms of gene content and synteny (5) to other Bacillus species collectively named Bacillus cereus sensu lato (6) or B. cereus group. These highly related bacilli are able to colonize in diverse hosts, including insects and mammals, and they are commonly found in soil, water, and depending on the species, in cadavers, vegetation, and food. In addition to B. anthracis, this group includes B. cereus, recognized as a cause of food-poisoning toxins, and Bacillus thuringiensis that produces insecticidal proteins. In the past 15 years, several B. cereus strains were reported to cause severe anthrax-like disease in humans (7,8) and apes (9). Some of these virulent strains, while retaining B. cereus diagnostic phenotypes, harbor plasmids similar to the toxin and capsule virulence plasmids pXO1 and pXO2 present in B. anthracis (10 -12). Hence, it is no wonder that the need to distinguish these Bacillus strains has led to a mas...

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“…Sporulation is an energetically costly process. While sporulation is initiated by nutrient depletion, efficient sporulation still requires access to many nutrients, including large amounts of iron (1.5 to 2 mM) ( 21 , 22 ). Iron is required as a cofactor for enzymes requiring electron transfer, such as those involved in environmental sensing, ATP synthesis, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle ( 23 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Petrobactin Protects against Oxidative Stress and Enhances Sporulation Efficiency in Bacillus anthracis Sterne

Hagan

Plotnick

Dingle

et al. 2018

mBio

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Bacillus anthracis causes the disease anthrax, which is transmitted via its dormant, spore phase. However, conversion from bacillus to spore is a complex, energetically costly process that requires many nutrients, including iron. B. anthracis requires the siderophore petrobactin to scavenge iron from host environments. We show that, in the Sterne strain, petrobactin is required for efficient sporulation, even when ample iron is available. The petrobactin biosynthesis operon is expressed during sporulation, and petrobactin is biosynthesized during growth in high-iron sporulation medium, but instead of being exported, the petrobactin remains intracellular to protect against oxidative stress and improve sporulation. It is also required for full growth and sporulation in blood (bovine), an essential step for anthrax transmission between mammalian hosts.

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Rapid sporulation of Bacillus anthracis in a high iron, glucose-free medium

Cited by 10 publications

References 23 publications

Improvement of Sporulation Conditions of a New Strain of <i>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</i> in Liquid Fermentation

Improvement of Sporulation Conditions of a New Strain of <i>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</i> in Liquid Fermentation

Discovery of a Unique Extracellular Polysaccharide in Members of the Pathogenic Bacillus That Can Co-form with Spores

Petrobactin Protects against Oxidative Stress and Enhances Sporulation Efficiency in Bacillus anthracis Sterne

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Rapid sporulation of Bacillus anthracis in a high iron, glucose-free medium

Cited by 10 publications

References 23 publications

Improvement of Sporulation Conditions of a New Strain of &lt;i&gt;Bacillus amyloliquefaciens&lt;/i&gt; in Liquid Fermentation

Improvement of Sporulation Conditions of a New Strain of &lt;i&gt;Bacillus amyloliquefaciens&lt;/i&gt; in Liquid Fermentation

Discovery of a Unique Extracellular Polysaccharide in Members of the Pathogenic Bacillus That Can Co-form with Spores

Petrobactin Protects against Oxidative Stress and Enhances Sporulation Efficiency in Bacillus anthracis Sterne

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Product

Resources

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Improvement of Sporulation Conditions of a New Strain of <i>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</i> in Liquid Fermentation

Improvement of Sporulation Conditions of a New Strain of <i>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</i> in Liquid Fermentation