Rapid simultaneous determination of o-phenylphenol, diphenyl, thiabendazole, imazalil and its major metabolite in citrus fruits by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using atmospheric pressure photoionization

Yoshioka, Naoki; Akiyama, Yumi; Teranishi, Kiyoshi

doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2003.09.021

Cited by 80 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…(J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2007, 18, 589 -599) © 2007 American Society for Mass Spectrometry M ethods to detect nonpolar compounds by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) have advanced significantly over the last few years, owing to development of newer source technologies [1][2][3] and improved choices of mobile phase(s) for chromatographic separation [4,5]. Recent work has focused on the direct comparison of different sources (APPI, APCI, and ESI) with specific target compounds, e.g., polyaromatic hydrocarbons [6,7], hydrophobic peptides [8], pesticides [9,10], as well as fatty acids and lipids [4,5]. In many cases atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) [1,7] has demonstrated extended linear dynamic range [11], enhanced sensitivity and thus lower detection limits [6,9,[12][13][14][15], and reduced or no off-line sample cleanups [6,9] in comparison with direct APCI or ESI.…”

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confidence: 99%

APPI-MS: Effects of mobile phases and VUV lamps on the detection of PAH compounds

Short¹,

Cai²,

Syage³

2007

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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The technique of atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) has several advantages over electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), including efficient ionization of nonpolar or low charge affinity compounds, reduced susceptibility to ion suppression, high sensitivity, and large linear dynamic range. These benefits are greatest at low flow rates (i.e., Յ100 L/min), while at a higher flow, photon absorption and ion-molecule reactions become significant. Under certain circumstances, APPI signal and S/N have been observed to excel at higher flow, which may be due to a nonphotoionzation mechanism. To better understand APPI at higher flow rates, we have selected three lamps (Xe, Kr, and Ar) and four mobile phases typical for reverse-phase, high-pressure liquid chromatography: acetonitrile, methanol, (1:1) acetonitrile:water and (1:1) methanol:water. As test compounds, three polyaromatic hydrocarbons are studied: benzo[a]pyrene, indeno [1,2,3-c, d]pyrene and benz [a]anthracene. We find that solvent photoabsorption cross-section is not the only parameter in explaining relative signal intensity, but that solvent photo-ion chemistry can also play a significant role. Three conclusions from this investigation are: (1) [4,5]. Recent work has focused on the direct comparison of different sources (APPI, APCI, and ESI) with specific target compounds, e.g., polyaromatic hydrocarbons [6,7], hydrophobic peptides [8], pesticides [9,10], as well as fatty acids and lipids [4,5]. In many cases atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) [1,7] has demonstrated extended linear dynamic range [11], enhanced sensitivity and thus lower detection limits [6,9,[12][13][14][15], and reduced or no off-line sample cleanups [6,9] in comparison with direct APCI or ESI. Adding a dopant (dopant-assisted, DA) to the mobile phase in many cases can further increase sensitivity [2].A related analytical technique is atmospheric pressure laser ionization (APLI), which has shown excellent sensitivity for certain non-or low-polar compounds [3]. The enhanced sensitivity is a direct result of the high photon flux associated with a laser system, often several orders of magnitude higher than the noncoherent light sources, e.g., lamps used with APPI. The APLI source relies on one-color, two-photon (1 ϩ 1) resonantlyenhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI), typically using a KrF excimer laser emitting light at 5.0 eV, efficiently ionizing nonpolar molecules. However, APLIis not yet widely used due to the large size, expense, and maintenance associated with the laser system. Furthermore, changing the wavelength of an excimer laser requires the replacement of the gas mixture and often re-tuning of the laser cavity, whereas with an APPI system, the wavelength can be changed by simply switching the lamp.To improve the capabilities of APPI for LC-MS, we have focused on the ion chemistry involved in and following the photoionization process. Although direct, single-photon ionization (SPI) of a compound [M] however, there is litt...

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confidence: 99%

APPI-MS: Effects of mobile phases and VUV lamps on the detection of PAH compounds

Short¹,

Cai²,

Syage³

2007

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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“…APPI has broadened the group of compounds that can be analyzed by atmospheric pressure ionizationmass spectrometry (API-MS) techniques and has thus far been applied to the analysis of flavonoids [7], steroids [8], drugs and their metabolites [9 -13], naphthalenes [3,5,14], aromatic imines and amines [15], organic fluorochemicals [16], mycotoxins [16], fungicides [17], furocumarins [18], antibiotics [19], and peptides [20]. Generally, APPI has shown equal or even better sensitivity than APCI [1,5,7,21], but has, however, a defect that may limit its applicability in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS): the sensitivity in APPI has been observed to decrease when the solvent flow rate is increased [10,[21][22][23].…”

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Effect of the Solvent Flow Rate on the Ionization Efficiency in Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization-Mass Spectrometry

Kauppila

Bruins

Kostiainen

2005

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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In the novel atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry the ionization efficiency has been observed to decrease when the solvent flow rate is increased. The effect of the flow rate on the ionization efficiency was studied by comparing the behavior of two analytes, one of which is ionized through charge exchange, the other through proton transfer. Additional information about the ion loss mechanisms was obtained by comparing results obtained with two different APPI ion sources: a Sciex prototype and the Agilent/Syagen APPI source. In addition to the measurements done by using the mass analyzer, the total ion current in the ion source was obtained by measuring the currents of the ions arriving at curtain/end plate and orifice/capillary of the two mass spectrometers. The total ion current measurements showed a significant decrease at high solvent flow rates. Loss of dopant radical cations was thought to be the reason for the signal decrease of the analytes formed through charge exchange. Analytes formed through proton transfer were not as seriously affected by the high solvent flow rates, but some saturation of their signal was nevertheless observed. Loss of photons through absorption by solvent vapor is another mechanism that can be held responsible for a reduction of the total number of ions produced by the APPI source. (J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2005, 16, 1399 -1407

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“…Sample clean-up techniques include gel permeation chromatography (GPC) [2 -4], liquid-liquid partitioning [4,5], adsorption chromatography (silica, Florisil, alumina, carbon) [2,3], SPE [6 -11], matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) [12], etc.…”

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Determination of fungicide residues in fruits by coupled‐column liquid chromatography

Zamora

Hidalgo

López

et al. 2004

J of Separation Science

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Coupled-column liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection was applied to the determination of o-phenylphenol and bitertanol residues in orange and banana fruits. After extraction with a mixture of acetone, dichloromethane-petroleum ether, and ethyl acetate, an extract aliquot of 100 microL was injected directly without any additional clean-up into the chromatographic system using two reversed phase C18 coupled columns. The LC-LC approach allowed automated sample clean up of the vegetal extracts, leading to a simple and rapid analytical procedure, with limits of quantification between 0.01 and 0.05 mg kg(-1). Recovery experiments performed on orange and banana samples fortified at different concentrations (0.01 - 4 mg kg(-1)) gave average recoveries between 70 and 113% with relative standard deviations lower than 15%. The procedure developed was finally applied to orange and banana samples from different geographical locations and the results were confirmed by GC-MS.

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Rapid simultaneous determination of o-phenylphenol, diphenyl, thiabendazole, imazalil and its major metabolite in citrus fruits by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using atmospheric pressure photoionization

Cited by 80 publications

References 15 publications

APPI-MS: Effects of mobile phases and VUV lamps on the detection of PAH compounds

APPI-MS: Effects of mobile phases and VUV lamps on the detection of PAH compounds

Effect of the Solvent Flow Rate on the Ionization Efficiency in Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization-Mass Spectrometry

Determination of fungicide residues in fruits by coupled‐column liquid chromatography

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