Rapid Separation and Determination of Metronidazole Benzoate and Other Antiprotozoal Drugs by Pressurized Capillary Electrochromatography

Abstract

A novel method for the rapid separation and determination of five polar 5-nitroimidazoles in water from different sources by pressurized capillary electrochromatography has been developed. Compared with the gradient elution mode and the packed nonpolar columns which were usually utilized for the separation of 5-nitroimidazoles, a simple isocratic elution mode and low-cost homemade polar molecularly imprinted polymer monolith were used in the experiment. Electrochromatographic conditions such as pH of buffer, organic modifier, concentration of buffer, and separation voltage were optimized. At 320 nm UV wavelengths, the five 5-nitroimidazoles could be baseline-separated rapidly in less than 11 min with the separation voltage of +20 kV in 10 mmol/L sodium dihydrogen phosphate-disodium hydrogen phosphate buffer solution (pH 4.82) containing 30% acetonitrile. Under the optimum conditions, the linear ranges of the metronidazole, secnidazole, tinidazole, ornidazole, and metronidazole benzoate were 0.50–100.00, 0.50–100.00, 0.80–500.00, 0.80–100.00, and 5.00–500.00 μg/mL, respectively, and the detection limits of these analytes were 0.11–0.73 μg/mL. Column efficiencies of 43 000, 36 000, 34 000, 14 000, and 29 000 plates/m were obtained for metronidazole, secnidazole, tinidazole, ornidazole, and metronidazole benzoate, respectively. The recoveries of different water samples were about 85.0–95.8%. Additionally, the proposed method has been successfully applied to the rapid separation of 5-nitroimidazoles in the locally available pure milk sample by simple pretreatment.

New Miniaturized Disposable Screen-Printed Microchip Integrated with Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Metronidazole Benzoate Drug Detection

“…Metronidazole benzoate has 98-100% bioavailability with a 7-8 h. half-life and hepatic metabolism [1][2][3]. Several methods have been demonstrated in the literature for the quantification of (MB) in pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples due to the vital importance of the drug [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. The different analytical protocols currently used for the quantification of (MB) drugs include spectrophotometric techniques [4][5][6][7], capillary electrophoresis [8], voltammetric methods [9], different chromatographic tools [10][11][12], and bulk selective potentiometric electrodes [13].…”

“…Several methods have been demonstrated in the literature for the quantification of (MB) in pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples due to the vital importance of the drug [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. The different analytical protocols currently used for the quantification of (MB) drugs include spectrophotometric techniques [4][5][6][7], capillary electrophoresis [8], voltammetric methods [9], different chromatographic tools [10][11][12], and bulk selective potentiometric electrodes [13]. However, the use of these methods involves sophisticated devices and tedious steps in sample preparations, and also requires expensive instrumentation.…”

“…The template drug species is leached out leaving behind pores that are integral in size, functionality, and shape, to the drug species. Recently, these MIPs yielded superior selectivity and consequently developed increased applicability in analytical chemistry, namely catalytic control, purification of racemic mixtures, and chemical sensing of complex species particularly drug species [8,13]. In this context, MIP materials have been used as a sensitive membrane in the fabrication of chemical sensors which have been successfully applied for the determination of illegal drugs and additives [26], lansoprazole detection [27], ivabradine hydrochloride quantifications [28], measurements of pharmaceutical and biological species [29], drug analysis [30], biomolecule sensing design to intraoral fluid testing [31], electrochemical sensors and electronic tongues [32], and the analysis of a veterinary drug, imidocarb dipropionate [33].…”