Rapid preparation of Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 ceramics by reactive flash sintering of Bi2O3-NaCO3-TiO2 mixed powders

Reactive Flash Sintering of Ceramics: A Review

“…[ 135 ] The images of the RFSed samples show that optimum experimental conditions are found in a very narrow range of electrical parameters. Similar results were found by An et al [ 57 ] in maps obtained for Bi 0.5 Na 0.5 TiO 3 . In fact, both studies indicate that the lower flash onset when applying a high electric field leads to localization, probably due to insufficient current percolation paths at the low furnace temperature.…”

“…Both synthesis and densification occurred simultaneously during the flash event; again, the maximum current density had a significant influence on the extent of reaction and densification. [ 57 ] The RFSed BNT ceramics exhibited typical ferroelectric hysteresis with maximum polarization P m of 16.8 μC cm −2 , remanent polarization P r of 9.6 μC cm −2 , and coercive field E c of 29 kV cm −1 . The d 33 value was measured to be 85 pC N −1 .…”

“…In fact, owing to its recent discovery, most of the studies regarding RFS are related to materials processing optimization. [55][56][57][58]63,64,68,94] Nonetheless, it is reasonable to assume that FS and RFS share similar mechanisms. The underlying physical mechanisms of rapid densification achieved during FS have been discussed in comprehensive reviews [16,[40][41][42] and can be extended to RFS.…”

“…Regardless, the synthesis of the complex oxides produced via RFS is mostly achieved through reactions between the initial phases, usually through intermediates, to form the final composition. [46,51,57] This is expected, in most cases, to occur via solid-solid interfacial reactions.…”

Phase evolution during conventional and reactive flash sintering of (Mg,Ni,Co,Cu,Zn)O via in situ X‐ray diffraction

“…Additionally, this technique might also favor the production of non‐equilibrium metastable materials 18 . Owing to its recent discovery, most of the studies regarding RFS are related to materials processing optimization 21–25 . Nonetheless, in situ XRD measurements have been used to reveal the effects of RFS on crystallization/reaction pathways.…”