Rapid Oral Mixing of Glucose and Saccharin by Rats

Smith, James C.; Williams, Daniel W.; Jue, Sally Short

doi:10.1126/science.1246616

Cited by 39 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Solo female adolescent rats receiving i.v. saline with contingent oral delivery of saccharin glucose mixture (Smith et al, 1976) emitted a similar amount of licks as rats receiving i.v. saline with saccharine/cocoa in the presence of demonstrators (Figure 4, F 1,9 ¼ 0.03, p40.05).…”

Section: Nicotine Sa Is Not the Results Of Enhanced Appetitiveness Of mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…saline (F ¼ 4.7, p ¼ 0.059, cf. Figures 1a and 3a), we tested whether increasing the appetitiveness of the OG cue, by using a mixture of saccharin and glucose (Smith et al, 1976), was sufficient to support nicotine SA. Solo female adolescent rats receiving i.v.…”

Section: Nicotine Sa Is Not the Results Of Enhanced Appetitiveness Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The OG cue was 0.4% saccharin solution containing 0.5% Hershey's unsweetened cocoa (or 0.1% unsweetened grape Kool-Aid). A mixture of glucose (3%) and saccharin (0.125%) (Smith et al, 1976) was also tested in one experiment. The cue light and tone were also turned on during the infusion.…”

Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Social Interaction Promotes Nicotine Self-Administration with Olfactogustatory Cues in Adolescent Rats

Chen

Sharp

Matta

et al. 2011

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Cigarette smoking is a social behavior. Smoking is also accompanied by distinctive gustatory and olfactory stimulation. However, none of these factors affecting nicotine intake are modeled in existing preclinical studies. We report a novel model of adolescent nicotine self-administration (SA) in rats where licking on drinking spouts was used as the operant behavior to activate the concurrent delivery of nicotine (i.v.) and an appetitive olfactogustatory (OG) cue, and social interaction was required for stable SA. The operant chamber was divided by a panel that separated the SA rat and another rat serving as the demonstrator, who had free access to the OG cue but did not receive nicotine. Orofacial contacts were permitted by the divider. Conditioned taste aversion prevented solo rats to self-administer nicotine. However, stable nicotine (15-30 μg/kg, free base) SA was established in the presence of demonstrator rats with free access to the OG cue. Omitting the olfactory component of the cue prevented the acquisition of nicotine SA. Mecamylamine, a nicotinic antagonist, reduced licking behavior. Familiar peers were more effective demonstrators in facilitating the acquisition of nicotine SA than were unfamiliar rats. No sex difference in nicotine intake was found. These data indicate that the contingent OG cue is associated with the aversive property of nicotine that prevents subsequent drug intake. Social information encoded in olfaction not only permits the establishment of stable nicotine SA but also enhances nicotine intake. These findings implicate adolescent social interactions in promoting smoking behavior by surmounting the aversive property of nicotine.

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Section: Nicotine Sa Is Not the Results Of Enhanced Appetitiveness Of mentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Nicotine Sa Is Not the Results Of Enhanced Appetitiveness Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Social Interaction Promotes Nicotine Self-Administration with Olfactogustatory Cues in Adolescent Rats

Chen

Sharp

Matta

et al. 2011

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…However, there are some indications that oral sweet taste processing is also more complex and may include a synergistic mechanism, much like the one proposed here to underlie sweet taste detection in the GI tract. Adding glucose to an artificial sweet taste solution applied to the oral receptors results in a more robust signal than would be expected from a simple additive effect (16,38,44). This Saccϩglucose synergy is thought to happen as a result of the two ligands simultaneously binding at distinct loci on the oral T1R2ϩT1R3 complex, though this mechanism has been purely speculative to date (38).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid stimulus-bound suppression of intake in response to an intraduodenal nonnutritive sweetener after training with nutritive sugars predicting malaise

Schier

Davidson

Powley

2012

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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Schier LA, Davidson TL, Powley TL. Rapid stimulus-bound suppression of intake in response to an intraduodenal nonnutritive sweetener after training with nutritive sugars predicting malaise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 302: R1351-R1363, 2012. First published March 14, 2012 doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00702.2011.-In a previous report (Schier et al., Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301: R1557-R1568, 2011, we demonstrated with a new behavioral procedure that rats exhibit stimulus-bound suppression of intake in response to an intraduodenal (ID) bitter tastant predicting subsequent malaise. With the use of the same modified taste aversion procedure, the present experiments evaluated whether the sweet taste properties of ID stimuli are likewise detected and encoded. Thirsty rats licked at sipper spouts for hypotonic NaCl for 30 min and received brief (first 6 min) yoked ID infusions of either the same NaCl or an isomolar lithium chloride (LiCl) solution in each session. An intestinal taste cue was mixed directly into the LiCl infusate for aversion training. Results showed that rats failed to detect intestinal sweet taste alone (20 mM Sucralose) but clearly suppressed licking in response to a nutritive sweet taste stimulus (234 mM sucrose) in the intestine that had been repeatedly paired with LiCl. Rats trained with ID sucrose in LiCl subsequently generalized responding to ID Sucralose alone at test. Replicating this, rats trained with ID Sucralose in compound with 80 mM Polycose rapidly suppressed licking to the 20 mM Sucralose alone in a later test. Furthermore, ID sweet taste signaling did not support the rapid negative feedback of sucrose or Polycose on intake when their digestion and transport were blocked. Together, these results suggest that other signaling pathways and/or transporters engaged by caloric carbohydrate stimuli potentiate detection of sweet taste signals in the intestine.gastrointestinal; taste receptor; preabsorptive signals; artificial sweetener; food learning THE DISCOVERIES that putative chemoreceptive cells in the epithelium of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract express taste receptor molecules and intracellular signaling proteins (e.g., 3, 4, 10, 17-19, 22, 27, 28, 48, 53) as well as exhibit morphological features resembling those of taste cells on the tongue (e.g., 12, 18) have stimulated interest in how preabsorptive food-related signals arising from the lumen of the GI tract are transduced to affect digestion and ingestion (see, for example, the series of review articles entitled "Nutrient Tasting and Signaling Mechanisms in the Gut" published in American Journal of Physiology: Refs. 5,13,20,32,41). To address such questions, we recently developed and employed a new behavioral paradigm to demonstrate that a bitter tastant in the duodenum produces stimulus-bound reductions in ongoing ingestion (37). The present set of experiments addresses similar functional questions using the same behavioral paradigm to evaluate the effects of sweet tastants in the duodenum.

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“…We propose that the brain of M. sexta monitors input from the different classes of carbohydrate-sensitive taste cell, and generates protracted feeding responses only when all three classes are activated. Carbohydrates and feeding Similarly, in rodents, binary mixtures of sweeteners can stimulate intake much more effectively than individual sweeteners (Valenstein et al, 1967;Capretta, 1970;Smith et al, 1976).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The hungry caterpillar: an analysis of how carbohydrates stimulate feeding inManduca sexta

Glendinning

Jerud

Reinherz

2007

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARY In most insects, the taste of carbohydrates stimulates an immediate appetitive response. The caterpillar of Manduca sexta is an exception to this general pattern. Despite eliciting a strong peripheral gustatory response, high concentrations of carbohydrates (e.g. glucose or inositol)stimulate the same intensity of biting as water during 2-min tests. We suspected that the lack of feeding stimulation reflected the fact that prior studies used single carbohydrates (e.g. sucrose), which M. sextawould rarely encounter in its host plants. We hypothesized that the feeding control system of M. sexta responds selectively to carbohydrate mixtures. To test this hypothesis, we ran three experiments. First, we stimulated the two taste sensilla that respond to carbohydrates (the lateral and medial styloconic) with a battery of carbohydrates. These sensilla responded exclusively to sucrose, glucose and inositol. Second, we determined the response properties of the carbohydrate-sensitive taste cells within both sensilla. We found that one class of carbohydrate-sensitive taste cell responded to sucrose, and two other classes each responded to glucose and inositol. Third, we examined the initial biting responses of caterpillars to disks treated with solutions containing single carbohydrates (sucrose, glucose or inositol) or binary mixtures of these carbohydrates. The only solutions that stimulated sustained biting were those that activated all three classes of taste cell (i.e. sucrose+inositol or sucrose+glucose). We propose that the brain of M. sexta monitors input from the different classes of carbohydrate-sensitive taste cell, and generates protracted feeding responses only when all three classes are activated.

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Rapid Oral Mixing of Glucose and Saccharin by Rats

Cited by 39 publications

References 9 publications

Social Interaction Promotes Nicotine Self-Administration with Olfactogustatory Cues in Adolescent Rats

Social Interaction Promotes Nicotine Self-Administration with Olfactogustatory Cues in Adolescent Rats

Rapid stimulus-bound suppression of intake in response to an intraduodenal nonnutritive sweetener after training with nutritive sugars predicting malaise

The hungry caterpillar: an analysis of how carbohydrates stimulate feeding inManduca sexta

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