Rapid, Noninvasive Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in India: Comparison of Two Immunochromatographic Strip Tests for Detection of Anti-K39 Antibody

Sundar, Shyam; Maurya, Radheshyam; Singh, Rakesh Kumar; Bharti, Kalpana; Chakravarty, Jaya; Parekh, Ashish; Rai, Madhukar; Kumar, Kailash; Murray, Henry W.

doi:10.1128/jcm.44.1.251-253.2006

Cited by 86 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Contrary to these results, not any of the serological studies using rK39, a non-specific positive reaction has been reported in controls from nonendemic regions. 4 Although this study was conducted in an endemic area of Bihar, but because of the poor sensitivity and specificity of saliva, it cannot be used in normal clinical practice, notwithstanding an isolated report of extremely high sensitivity ( 99%) and specificity (100%) reported from Patna, 7 which could not be reproduced in this study. …”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 43%

“…The presence of antibody in nonendemic controls might be because of subclinical infection or an impending clinical illness. 4 With saliva, about 10% subjects tested positive across the categories of controls despite being negative in serology, and this suggests non-specific binding of antibodies to rK39 antigen. Contrary to these results, not any of the serological studies using rK39, a non-specific positive reaction has been reported in controls from nonendemic regions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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rK39 Antigen for the Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis by Using Human Saliva

Vaish

Singh²,

Chakravarty³

et al. 2012

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. The rK39 rapid immunochromatographic test (ICT) is now being widely used in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) using serum. We evaluated the presence of anti-rK-39 antibody in human saliva being noninvasive to replace the invasive procedures of diagnosis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and ICT assays were performed in 300 subjects: 114-confirmed VL patients, 95 and 47 healthy controls from endemic and nonendemic regions, respectively, and 44 subjects with different diseases. Sensitivity in saliva was 83.3% by ELISA and 82.5% by ICT, compared with 100% for both ICT and ELISA in serum. Specificity in saliva was 100%, 90.5%, and 88.6% with ELISA, and 91.48%, 91.57%, and 84.06% using ICT, in nonendemic, endemic, and different diseases, respectively. In serum, specificity was 97%, 88.5%, and 89% by ELISA and 100%, 94.7%, and 95.5% by ICT in nonendemic, endemic, and different diseases, respectively. Saliva is not suitable for diagnosis of VL because of low sensitivity.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 43%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

rK39 Antigen for the Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis by Using Human Saliva

Vaish

Singh²,

Chakravarty³

et al. 2012

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…2,3 These two species that cause zoonotic VL are believed to be indistinguishable from each other. 4,5 A subclinical form of the infection develops in most persons exposed to L. infantum and L. donovani , [6][7][8][9] and the proportion of dogs that remain asymptomatic after being exposed to the parasite is not known.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Novel Leishmania infantum Recombinant Proteins Encoded by Genes from Five Families with Distinct Capacities for Serodiagnosis of Canine and Human Visceral Leishmaniasis

Oliveira¹,

Magalhães²,

Teixeira³

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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To expand the available panel of recombinant proteins that can be useful for identifying Leishmania-infected dogs and for diagnosing human visceral leishmaniasis (VL), we selected recombinant antigens from L. infantum, cDNA, and genomic libraries by using pools of serum samples from infected dogs and humans. The selected DNA fragments encoded homologs of a cytoplasmic heat-shock protein 70, a kinesin, a polyubiquitin, and two novel hypothetical proteins. Histidine-tagged recombinant proteins were produced after subcloning these DNA fragments and evaluated by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with panels of canine and human serum samples. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with different recombinant proteins had different sensitivities (67.4–93.0% and 36.4–97.2%) and specificities (76.1–100% and 90.4–97.3%) when tested with serum samples from Leishmania-infected dogs and human patients with VL. Overall, no single recombinant antigen was sufficient to serodiagnosis all canine or human VL cases.

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“…Field diagnosis of VL involves an immunochromatographic strip test (ICT) that detects immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody to recombinant K39 (rk39), an antigen expressed by leishmanial species that produce VL. rK39 immunochromatographic strip test used with blood or serum proved sensitive (range, 99 to 100%) and specific (range, 95 to 100%) for the noninvasive serodiagnosis of VL in India ( Sundar et al, 2005). The rK39 dipstick is a rapid test for VL with very high sensitivity and moderately high specificity (Chappuis et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroepidemiological study of visceral leishmaniasis and cattle as a possible reservoir host at Trishal Upazila in Bangladesh

Akter

Alam

Islam

et al. 2012

J Bangladesh Agric Univ

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To study the effect of months, seasons, age and sex on visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in human, data were collected during March 2010 through February 2011 from the register book of Upazila Health Complex (UHC) of Trishal, which is an endemic region for VL in the Mymensingh district. Besides, 70 blood samples were collected from suspected VL human patients to compare microscopy with rK39 immunochromatographic strip test. Additionally, 50 cattle blood samples were also collected from houses with active or recently-treated VL patients to determine the possible animal reservoir of VL through rK39 strip test. Of the suspected VL patients in the UHC registered book, 43.8% were seropositive. The percentages of seropositive cases were higher in September (73.3%), November (67.2%) and August (65.5%) than in May (18.5%), June (27.5%) and March (36.7%). The rainy season (58.4%) and the winter season (50.6%) showed higher seropositive than the summer (30.7%) season which was significant (p≤ 0.001). Hospital cases of VL were significantly (p≤0.05) higher in 3-14 years (49.3%) and 15-45 years (43.5%) than in children <3 years (32.1%) and adults aged >45 years (33.6%) people. The estimated sensitivity of rK39 strip test and microscopic examination were 100% and 58.8%, respectively and the specificity were 72% and 100%, respectively. Only two cattle blood samples were found positive to rK39 strip test. Our present study indicates that rK39 strip test is superior to the diagnosis of VL compared with parasitological confirmation by direct microscopy of the peripheral blood. Further works are needed to focus on molecular approaches for diagnosis and epidemiological study of VL, sand flies investigation and to confirm the cattle as animal reservoir for VL transmission.

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Rapid, Noninvasive Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in India: Comparison of Two Immunochromatographic Strip Tests for Detection of Anti-K39 Antibody

Cited by 86 publications

References 20 publications

rK39 Antigen for the Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis by Using Human Saliva

rK39 Antigen for the Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis by Using Human Saliva

Characterization of Novel Leishmania infantum Recombinant Proteins Encoded by Genes from Five Families with Distinct Capacities for Serodiagnosis of Canine and Human Visceral Leishmaniasis

Seroepidemiological study of visceral leishmaniasis and cattle as a possible reservoir host at Trishal Upazila in Bangladesh

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