Rapid inactivation of SARS-like coronaviruses.

Abstract

Chemical disinfection and inactivation of viruses is largely understudied, but is very important especially in the case of highly infectious viruses. The purpose of this LDRD was to determine the efficacy of the Sandia National Laboratories developed decontamination formulations against Bovine Coronavirus (BCV) as a surrogate for the coronavirus that causes Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in humans. The outbreak of SARS in late 2002 resulted from a highly infectious virus that was able to survive and remain infectious for extended periods. For this study, preliminary testing with Escherichia coli MS-2 (MS-2) and Escherichia coli T4 (T4) bacteriophages was conducted to develop virucidal methodology for verifying the inactivation after treatment with the test formulations following AOAC germicidal methodologies. After the determination of various experimental parameters (i.e. exposure, concentration) of the formulations, final testing was conducted on BCV. All experiments were conducted with various organic challenges (horse serum, bovine feces, compost) for results that more accurately represent field use condition. The MS-2 and T4 were slightly more resistant than BCV and required a 2 minute exposure while BCV was completely inactivated after a 1 minute exposure. These results were also consistent for the testing conducted in the presence of the various organic challenges indicating that the test formulations are highly effective for real world application.4

High Intensity Violet Light (405 nm) Inactivates Coronaviruses in Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) and on Surfaces

“…Additionally, the clinical respiratory tract infections show similarities [30]. Because of all these resemblances, BCoV has already been suggested and successfully employed as a SARS-CoV(-2) surrogate in many different applications [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53].…”

Physicochemical properties of SARS‐CoV‐2 for drug targeting, virus inactivation and attenuation, vaccine formulation and quality control

“…Since coronaviruses, and therefore SARS-CoV-2, have an envelope, they should be in group A, according to the Klein and Deforest classification system, as shown in Table 2. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 might allow the penetration of lipophilic antimicrobials such as halogens, aldehydes, quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC), phenolics, alcohols, peroxides, proteases, and detergents [57]. Srivastava et al examined the effectiveness of various malaria drugs against SARS-CoV-2 and found that the more lipophilic the drug, the better it can penetrate the virus and inhibit it.…”

Biocides and Novel Antimicrobial Agents for the Mitigation of Coronaviruses

“…However, when treatment levels were increased to 2,100 ppm NaOCl) on stainless steel coupons, a ≥4.5 log 10 TCID50/mL reduction was achieved after 30 s against the SARS-CoV-1 surrogate, MHV (Dellanno et al, 2009). Much lower concentrations were required in seeded hospital wastewater; SARS-CoV-1 was inactivated by exposure to 10 ppm NaOCl (0.4 ppm free chlorine) after 10 min exposure, while inactivation occurred within 1 min in 20 ppm NaOCl (0.5 ppm free chlorine; Kott et al, 1975;Rutala and Weber, 1997;Kapil et al, 2004;Wang et al, 2005;Dellanno et al, 2009;Geller et al, 2012;Kumar et al, 2017;Chin et al, 2020).…”