Rapid identification of isometamidium-resistant stocks of Trypanosoma b. brucei by PCR–RFLP

Afework, Yohannes; Mäser, Pascal; Etschmann, Benjamin; Samson‐Himmelstjerna, Georg von; Zessin, Karl-Hans; Clausen, Peter‐Henning

doi:10.1007/s00436-006-0141-z

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Molecular methods for the diagnosis of ISM resistance were recently developed [24] and [46]. The first method enables discrimination between ISM-sensitive and ISM-resistant strains of T. congolense by MboII-PCR-RFLP [24].…”

Section: Molecular Tools For the Detection Of Resistance To Trypanocimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This test is based on the polymorphism observed in a 381 bp fragment (in sensitive strains) or 384 bp fragment (in resistant strains) of a putative gene presenting some homologies with an ABC transporter. The second method has been developed to distinguish ISM-resistant from ISM-sensitive strains of T. brucei [46]. This SfaNI-PCR-RFLP test is based on the polymorphism of a 677 bp fragment of the TbAT1 gene.…”

Section: Molecular Tools For the Detection Of Resistance To Trypanocimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Data on the correlation of the SfaNI-PCR-RFLP test described by Afework et al [46] and in vivo tests are only available for 11 ISM-sensitive strains from Uganda, two ISM-sensitive reference strains from Kenya and two multidrug resistant reference strains from Somalia. The first resistant reference strain, CP547, was resistant to ISM, DA, quinapyramine, melarsoprol, homidium and pentamidine, and the second resistant reference strain, CP2469, was resistant to ISM and DA but not to quinapyramine [46].…”

Section: Correlation With In Vivo Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first resistant reference strain, CP547, was resistant to ISM, DA, quinapyramine, melarsoprol, homidium and pentamidine, and the second resistant reference strain, CP2469, was resistant to ISM and DA but not to quinapyramine [46]. It is necessary to further validate the SfaNI-PCR-RFLP test using ISM-resistant reference strain isolates that are sensitive to other drugs.…”

Section: Correlation With In Vivo Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is necessary to further validate the SfaNI-PCR-RFLP test using ISM-resistant reference strain isolates that are sensitive to other drugs. From the study of Afework et al [46] it is difficult to confirm whether or not the SfaNI polymorphism is specifically related to ISM resistance or whether the observed restriction patterns are linked to resistance to other drugs. However, it should be noted that field observations suggest that cross-resistance between ISM and DA does not exist [16].…”

Section: Correlation With In Vivo Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Molecular tools for the rapid detection of drug resistance in animal trypanosomes

Delespaux

Geysen

Bossche

et al. 2008

Trends in Parasitology

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There are currently 17 African countries in which animal trypanocidal drug resistance has been reported. Largescale surveys were carried out in only ten of them. The lack of baseline information is mainly due to the fact that the methods currently available for the detection of drug resistance are laborious, expensive and time consuming. In this review the mechanisms involved in resistance to isometamidium and diminazene will be discussed, together with some new molecular detection tools that have been developed recently enabling faster diagnosis of drug resistance than conventional laboratory or field tests. African animal trypanosomiasis and drug resistanceTsetse fly-transmitted trypanosomiasis is an important constraint to livestock development in sub-Saharan Africa with estimated annual losses owing to the direct and indirect effects of the disease running into billions of dollars. Approximately 9 million km 2 of sub-Saharan Africa, representing about one-third of the total land, is affected by tsetse flies [1]. Within this region, some 46-62 million head of cattle and other livestock species are at risk of the disease [2]. Trypanosomiasis is controlled either by controlling the vector or by controlling the parasite, or a combination of both. Over the years, a large arsenal of vector-control tools has been developed. Nevertheless, the control of animal trypanosomiasis in often poor rural communities has and will continue to rely heavily on the use of trypanocidal drugs. This is not surprising considering the private nature (i.e. the easy, individual, nonconcerted use) of such treatments and the difficulties in maintaining cleared areas in the absence of barriers to re-invasion of tsetse flies. Only a small group of chemoprophylactic and chemotherapeutic trypanocidal compounds are currently in use and new compounds are unlikely to become available in the near future [3]. Geerts and Holmes [4] estimated that in Africa 35 million doses of veterinary trypanocidal drugs are administered each year with isometamidium chloride (ISM), ethidium bromide (EtBr) and diminazene aceturate (DA) estimated to represent 40%, 26% and 33%, respectively, of the total trypanocidal drug market by value [5]. ISM is mainly used as a prophylactic drug and provides on average 3 months' protection (2-22 weeks) against trypanosome infection. DA has only therapeutic properties and EtBr has limited prophylactic properties and is mainly used as a therapeutic agent [6]. Considering the well known mutagenic properties of EtBr, this drug should ideally be removed from the drug market, but in practice it is still widely used in many countries. Removing this drug from the market would not jeopardize the treatment of animal trypanosomiasis because it can be replaced either by DA for curative purposes or by ISM for prophylactic purposes. When trypanosomes are resistant to ISM, EtBr will be ineffective as cross-resistance is observed between the two drugs [7]. As a result of inappropriate trypanocidal drug-use practices, there is growing co...

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Section: Molecular Tools For the Detection Of Resistance To Trypanocimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Molecular Tools For the Detection Of Resistance To Trypanocimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Correlation With In Vivo Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Correlation With In Vivo Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Correlation With In Vivo Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Molecular tools for the rapid detection of drug resistance in animal trypanosomes

Delespaux

Geysen

Bossche

et al. 2008

Trends in Parasitology

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show abstract

Drug Resistance Assays for Parasites

Sangster

Maitland

Geerts

et al. 2009

Antimicrobial Drug Resistance

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Prevalence of camel trypanosomosis (surra) and associated risk factors in Borena zone, southern Ethiopia

Olani

Habtamu²,

Wegayehu

et al. 2015

Parasitol Res

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A study was made to determine the prevalence of camel trypanosomosis (surra) and its associated risk factors in Borena zone, southern Ethiopia during 2013-2014. A total of 2400 blood samples were collected and examined by the buffy coat and thin blood film laboratory methods, and data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical software. The overall prevalence of camel trypanosomosis in the area was found to be 2.33 %. Prevalence was significantly different among the surveyed districts (P = 0.000), the pastoral associations (F = 6.408, P = 0.000), altitudinal divisions (P = 0.000), age groups (P = 0.034), and between animals possessing packed cell volume (PCV) values greater than 25 % and less than 25 % (P = 0.000); whereas, prevalence of the disease was not statistically significantly different between the sexes (P = 0.311) and among the body condition score groups (P = 0.739). The PCV of trypanosome positive and trypanosome negative camels differ significantly (P = 0.001), and prevalence of trypanosomosis was seen to be negatively correlated with packed cell volume (r = -0.069, P = 0.000) revealing the effect of camel trypanosomosis on anemia state of parasitized animals. In conclusion, camel trypanosomosis is a serious and economically important disease hampering camel production and productivity in southern Ethiopia. Further studies involving more sensitive molecular techniques to reveal the precise magnitude of the disease and to identify the vector species of the parasite are recommended.

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Rapid identification of isometamidium-resistant stocks of Trypanosoma b. brucei by PCR–RFLP

Cited by 12 publications

References 38 publications

Molecular tools for the rapid detection of drug resistance in animal trypanosomes

Molecular tools for the rapid detection of drug resistance in animal trypanosomes

Drug Resistance Assays for Parasites

Prevalence of camel trypanosomosis (surra) and associated risk factors in Borena zone, southern Ethiopia

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