Rapid fluorimetric determination of phenothiazines employing in situ photochemical oxidation

White, V. R.; Frings, Christopher S.; Villafranca, J. E.; Fitzgerald, J. M.

doi:10.1021/ac50003a015

Cited by 34 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…A wide variety of analytical techniques are available for the determination of perphenazine in pharmaceutical preparations and biological samples, such as HPLC, 2-6 mass spectrometry, 7-10 spectrophotometry, [11][12][13] electrochemistry, 14 electrophoresis 15,16 and fluorescence. 17 Chemiluminescence (CL) is becoming a powerful analytical tool due to its high sensitivity, wide linear dynamic range and simple instrumentation. 18,19 The CL involving [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 2+ is one of the most interesting series of CL reactions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitive determination of perphenazine in pharmaceuticals and human serum by flow injection chemiluminescence method using [Ru(phen)3]2+-ce(IV) system and a chemometrical optimization approach

Rezaei

Mokhtari

2011

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Este artigo descreve um método de quimioluminescência (CL) simples, rápido e sensível para a determinação de perfenazina usando sistema de injeção em fluxo (FI). Todas as variáveis que podem afetar a resposta do método CL foram otimizadas empregando planejamento composto central (CCD) para o planejamento experimental e metodologia de superfície de resposta (RSM) para a modelagem. A otimização usando CCD comparativamente ao método univariado mostrou uma melhora significativa na sensibilidade. Sob condições experimentais ótimas, uma ampla região linear foi obtida entre a concentração do analito e a altura do pico, dentro do intervalo de 1,2 a 1.300 ng mL -1 com coeficiente de correlação de 0,9978. O limite de detecção foi de 0,4 ng mL -1(S/N = 3) e o desvio padrão relativo para 6 repetições de uma solução contendo 70,5 ng mLfoi menor que 4%. Esse método foi aplicado com sucesso na quantificação de perfenazina em formulações farmacêuticas e em soro humano com adequadas recuperações (95,3-104,0%). A frequência analítica foi de 100 ± 5 amostras por hora.This paper describes a simple, rapid and sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) method for the determination of perphenazine by flow injection (FI) system. All variables that can affect the CL response were optimized by employing central composite design (CCD) for the experimental design and response surface methodology (RSM) for the modeling. Optimization by means of CCD method with respect to conventional single factor at a time method showed a significant improvement in the sensitivity. Under the optimum experimental conditions, a wide linear relationship between analyte concentration and peak height was obtained within the range 1.2-1,300 ng mL -1 with correlation coefficient of 0.9978. The limit of detection was 0.4 ng mL -1 (S/N = 3) and the relative standard deviation for 6 repeated measurements of a solution containing 70.5 ng mL -1 was lower than 4%. This method was successfully applied for the quantification of perphenazine in pharmaceutical formulations and human serum with good recoveries (95.3-104.0%). Sample throughput was 100 ± 5 samples per hour. Keywords: flow injection, chemiluminescence, perphenazine, central composite design IntroductionPerphenazine belongs to the phenothiazine family of drugs. Because of its neuroleptic and antidepressive actions, it is often prescribed for the treatment of psychotic patients such as schizophrenia and schizoaffective psychoses in order to decrease restlessness, aggressiveness and impulsive behavior. Also it is found to be effectual in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. 1 The monitoring of the perphenazine is important for quality assurance in pharmaceutical industry and for obtaining optimum therapeutic concentrations in body fluids to minimize the risk of toxicity. The therapeutic range and toxic threshold of perphenazine in serum were reported 4-30 and 50-100 ng mL In experimentation, we attempt to monitor the effects of certain inputs or material on the subject matter of interest. The advantages of the experimenta...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitive determination of perphenazine in pharmaceuticals and human serum by flow injection chemiluminescence method using [Ru(phen)3]2+-ce(IV) system and a chemometrical optimization approach

Rezaei

Mokhtari

2011

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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“…Various analytical methods have been reported for the determination of phenothiazines. Available techniques include titrimetry (Issa and Mahrous, ; Walash et al ., ), spectrophotometry (Revanasiddappa and Ramappa, ; Kitamura et al ., ; Basavaiah, ), spectrofluorimetry (White et al ., ; Mohamed et al ., ), chemiluminescence (Kojlo et al ., ; Shi et al ., ), electrochemistry (Razola et al ., ; Daniel and Gutz, ; Huang et al ., ), capillary electrophoresis (Wang et al ., ), flow injection (Daniel and Gutz, ; Zhang et al ., ) and HPLC combined with other techniques (Hayen and Karst, ; Pelander et al ., ; Decaestecker et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous determination of three banned psychiatric drugs in pig feed and tissue using solid‐phase reactor on‐line oxidizing and HPLC‐fluorescence detection

Duan

Sun

et al. 2015

Biomedical Chromatography

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The banned addition of psychiatric drugs such as phenothiazines to animal feed and foodstuffs increases the risk of human organ lesion. Phenothiazines usually exhibit weak native fluorescence and can be oxidized to strongly fluorescent compounds. In this study, a novel, sensitive and convenient method of HPLC-fluorescence detection based on post-column on-line oxidizing with lead dioxide solid-phase reactor has been developed for simultaneous determination of three banned psychotropic drugs, promethazine, chlorpromazine and thioridazine. Three compounds were successfully separated on an Agilent TC-C18 column with mobile phase of acetonitrile (A) and water (B), both containing 0.5% (v/v) formic acid. A gradient elution was programmed and fluorimetric detection was performed at λex /λem of 332/373 nm for promethazine, 340/380 nm for chlorpromazine and 352/432 nm for thioridazine. The calibration graphs gave good linearity over the concentration ranges of 30.0-4976.4 µg/L for promethazine, 2.0-2153.2 µg/L for chlorpromazine, and 15.0-3088.0 µg/L for thioridazine, and correlation coefficients (r) were ≥0.995. The method was applied to the determination of phenothiazines in pig feed and pig tissue, and the average spiked recoveries were in the range 69.1-115.4%.

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“…These include spectrofluorimetry [5], chemiluminescence [6], high performance liquid chromatography [7][8][9][10], voltammetry [11][12][13], differential pulse stripping voltammetry [14][15][16][17], polarography [18,19], and electrophoresis [20][21][22][23][24], visible spectrophotometry [25][26][27][28][29] and a combination of the previous ones [30]. These methods exhibit excellent selectivity, but require expensive instrumentation and are unsuitable for screening in the local under survey.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disposable solid state probe for optical screening of chlorpromazine

Guerreiro

Sales

2011

Microchim Acta

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We are presenting a simple, low-cost and rapid solid-state optical probe for screening chlorpromazine (CPZ) in aquacultures. The method exploits the colourimetric reaction between CPZ and Fe(III) ion that occurs at a solid/liquid interface, the solid layer consisting of ferric iron entrapped in a layer of plasticized PVC. If solutions containing CPZ are dropped onto such a layer, a colour change occurs from light yellow to dark pink or even light blue, depending on the concentration of CPZ. Visual inspection enables the concentration of CPZ to be estimated. The resulting colouration was also monitored by digital image collection for a more accurate quantification. The three coordinates of the hue, saturation and lightness system were obtained by standard image processing along with mathematical data treatment. The parameters affecting colour were assessed and optimized. Studies were conducted by visible spectrophotometry and digital image acquisition, respectively. The response of the optimized probe towards the concentration of CPZ was tested for several mathematical transformations of the colour coordinates, and a linear relation was found for the sum of hue and luminosity. The limit of detection is 50 μM (corresponding to about 16 μg per mL). The probe enables quick screening for CPZ in real water samples with prior sample treatment.

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Rapid fluorimetric determination of phenothiazines employing in situ photochemical oxidation

Cited by 34 publications

References 18 publications

Sensitive determination of perphenazine in pharmaceuticals and human serum by flow injection chemiluminescence method using [Ru(phen)3]2+-ce(IV) system and a chemometrical optimization approach

Sensitive determination of perphenazine in pharmaceuticals and human serum by flow injection chemiluminescence method using [Ru(phen)3]2+-ce(IV) system and a chemometrical optimization approach

Simultaneous determination of three banned psychiatric drugs in pig feed and tissue using solid‐phase reactor on‐line oxidizing and HPLC‐fluorescence detection

Disposable solid state probe for optical screening of chlorpromazine

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