Rapid Eye-Tracking Evaluation of Language in Children and Adolescents Referred for Assessment of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Frazier, Thomas; Hauschild, Kathryn M.; Klingemier, Eric W.; Strauss, Mark; Hardan, Antonio Y.; Youngstrom, Eric A.

doi:10.3109/13668250.2019.1698287

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Importantly, processing speed has been shown to be a very sensitive index of brain development and neuropathophysiological processes (Bove et al, 2021; Kail, 1991). The receptive vocabulary paradigm was selected because receptive language is a strong indicator of developmental trajectory and functional outcome (Frazier, Klingemier, et al, 2021) and can validly estimate results from standardized in‐person testing using gaze to visual targets (Frazier et al, 2020). The single‐word reading paradigm was developed based on a recommendation by clinician–scientist experts for identifying early reading, including in people with limited or no speech where reading is more difficulty to assess.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For processing speed, receptive vocabulary, and single-word reading stimuli, areas-of-interest included target items/objects. For all stimuli, areas-of-interest are temporally defined based on expected gaze patterns from prior research (social attention) (Frazier et al, 2018) or after the verbal directive has been given (cognitive paradigms) (Frazier et al, 2020).…”

Section: Webcam Collection Of Gazementioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of webcam‐collected and artificial‐intelligence‐derived social and cognitive performance measures for neurodevelopmental genetic syndromes

Frazier,

Busch,

Klaas

et al. 2023

American J of Med Genetics Pt C

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This study focused on the development and initial psychometric evaluation of a set of online, webcam‐collected, and artificial intelligence‐derived patient performance measures for neurodevelopmental genetic syndromes (NDGS). Initial testing and qualitative input was used to develop four stimulus paradigms capturing social and cognitive processes, including social attention, receptive vocabulary, processing speed, and single‐word reading. The paradigms were administered to a sample of 375 participants, including 163 with NDGS, 56 with idiopathic neurodevelopmental disability (NDD), and 156 neurotypical controls. Twelve measures were created from the four stimulus paradigms. Valid completion rates varied from 87 to 100% across measures, with lower but adequate completion rates in participants with intellectual disability. Adequate to excellent internal consistency reliability (α = 0.67 to 0.95) was observed across measures. Test–retest reproducibility at 1‐month follow‐up and stability at 4‐month follow‐up was fair to good (r = 0.40–0.73) for 8 of the 12 measures. All gaze‐based measures showed evidence of convergent and discriminant validity with parent‐report measures of other cognitive and behavioral constructs. Comparisons across NDGS groups revealed distinct patterns of social and cognitive functioning, including people with PTEN mutations showing a less impaired overall pattern and people with SYNGAP1 mutations showing more attentional, processing speed, and social processing difficulties relative to people with NFIX mutations. Webcam‐collected performance measures appear to be a reliable and potentially useful method for objective characterization and monitoring of social and cognitive processes in NDGS and idiopathic NDD. Additional validation work, including more detailed convergent and discriminant validity analyses and examination of sensitivity to change, is needed to replicate and extend these observations.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Webcam Collection Of Gazementioning

confidence: 99%

Development of webcam‐collected and artificial‐intelligence‐derived social and cognitive performance measures for neurodevelopmental genetic syndromes

Frazier,

Busch,

Klaas

et al. 2023

American J of Med Genetics Pt C

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For example, Brady et al (3) have argued that because pointing is challenging for autistic children, using eye gaze will more appropriately capture their vocabulary knowledge if we can reliably interpret their gaze behaviors. Several studies have explored the possibility of assessing autistic children's vocabulary using eye gaze (e.g., [3][4][23][24][25][26][27][28], but they have focused almost exclusively on noun vocabulary and static image targets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing receptive verb knowledge in late talkers and autistic children: Advances and cautionary tales

Horvath

Arunachalam

2023

Preprint

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Purpose Using eye-tracking, we assessed the receptive verb vocabularies of late talkers and typically developing children (Experiment 1) and autistic preschoolers (Experiment 2). We evaluated how many verbs participants knew and how quickly they processed the linguistic prompt. Method Participants previewed two dynamic scenes side-by-side (e.g., “stretching” and “clapping”) and were then prompted to find the target verb. Children’s eye gaze behaviors were operationalized using established approaches in the field with modifications in consideration for the type of stimuli (dynamic scenes versus static images) and the populations included. Accuracy was calculated as a proportion of time spent looking to the target, and linguistic processing was operationalized as latency of children’s first look to the target. Results In Experiment 1, there were no group differences in the proportion of verbs known, but late talkers required longer to demonstrate their knowledge than typically developing children. Latency was predicted by age but not language abilities. In Experiment 2, autistic children’s accuracy and latency were both predicted by receptive language abilities. Conclusion Eye gaze can be used to assess receptive verb vocabulary in a variety of populations, but in operationalizing gaze behavior, we must account for between- and within-group differences. Bootstrapped cluster-permutation analysis is one way to create individualized measures of children’s gaze behavior, but more research is warranted using an individual differences approach with this type of analysis. Finally, latency may not be a valid measure for dynamic scene stimuli for children under three years old.

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Large scale validation of an early-age eye-tracking biomarker of an autism spectrum disorder subtype

Wen

Cheng

Andreason

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Few clinically validated biomarkers of ASD exist which can rapidly, accurately, and objectively identify autism during the first years of life and be used to support optimized treatment outcomes and advances in precision medicine. As such, the goal of the present study was to leverage both simple and computationally-advanced approaches to validate an eye-tracking measure of social attention preference, the GeoPref Test, among 1,863 ASD, delayed, or typical toddlers (12–48 months) referred from the community or general population via a primary care universal screening program. Toddlers participated in diagnostic and psychometric evaluations and the GeoPref Test: a 1-min movie containing side-by-side dynamic social and geometric images. Following testing, diagnosis was denoted as ASD, ASD features, LD, GDD, Other, typical sibling of ASD proband, or typical. Relative to other diagnostic groups, ASD toddlers exhibited the highest levels of visual attention towards geometric images and those with especially high fixation levels exhibited poor clinical profiles. Using the 69% fixation threshold, the GeoPref Test had 98% specificity, 17% sensitivity, 81% PPV, and 65% NPV. Sensitivity increased to 33% when saccades were included, with comparable validity across sex, ethnicity, or race. The GeoPref Test was also highly reliable up to 24 months following the initial test. Finally, fixation levels among twins concordant for ASD were significantly correlated, indicating that GeoPref Test performance may be genetically driven. As the GeoPref Test yields few false positives (~ 2%) and is equally valid across demographic categories, the current findings highlight the ability of the GeoPref Test to rapidly and accurately detect autism before the 2nd birthday in a subset of children and serve as a biomarker for a unique ASD subtype in clinical trials.

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Rapid Eye-Tracking Evaluation of Language in Children and Adolescents Referred for Assessment of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Cited by 5 publications

References 49 publications

Development of webcam‐collected and artificial‐intelligence‐derived social and cognitive performance measures for neurodevelopmental genetic syndromes

Development of webcam‐collected and artificial‐intelligence‐derived social and cognitive performance measures for neurodevelopmental genetic syndromes

Assessing receptive verb knowledge in late talkers and autistic children: Advances and cautionary tales

Large scale validation of an early-age eye-tracking biomarker of an autism spectrum disorder subtype

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