Rapid Determination of the Amount of Cetylpyridinium Chloride Bound by Bacteria

Caputo, Ross A.; Treick, Ronald W.; Griffin, Charles C.; Farrell, Michael

doi:10.1128/aem.29.4.476-479.1975

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…Antimicrobial effects of CPC are dependent on CPC binding to bacterial cells (Caputo et al . ) and bactericidal activity in the presence of serum proteins and at different pH and temperature (Quisno and Foter ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial efficacy of 0·05% cetylpyridinium chloride mouthrinses

Sreenivasan

Haraszthy²,

Zambon³

2012

Lett Appl Microbiol

100

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Significance and Impact of the Study: These in vitro and ex-vivo studies provide a biological rationale for previous clinical studies demonstrating the efficacy of CPC mouthrinses in reducing supragingival plaque and plaque-associated gingivitis.Keywords antimicrobial susceptibility, cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine, dental plaque, mouthrinse, oral microbiology. AbstractThis study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of two commercially available 0Á05% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) mouthrinses with or without alcohol and examined its antimicrobial activity on oral bacterial species including fresh clinical isolates compared to a chlorhexidine mouthrinse and a control fluoride mouthrinse without CPC. Two different approaches were used to evaluate antimicrobial activity. First, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for each mouthrinse against a panel of 25 micro-organisms including species associated with dental caries, gingivitis and periodontitis. Second, supragingival dental plaque obtained from 15 adults was incubated with the four mouthrinses to evaluate antimicrobial activity on micro-organisms in oral biofilms. Both CPC mouthrinses exhibited lower MIC's, that is, greater antimicrobial activity, against oral Gram-negative bacteria especially periodontal pathogens and species implicated in halitosis such as Aggregatibacter actinomycemcomitans, Campylobacter rectus, Eikenella corrodens, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Solobacterium moorei than the control mouthrinse. Ex-vivo tests on supragingival plaque micro-organisms demonstrated significantly greater antimicrobial activity by the CPC mouthrinses (>90% killing, P < 0Á001) and the chlorhexidine rinse (>98% killing, P < 0Á05) compared to the control fluoride mouthrinse. Whilst the chlorhexidine mouthrinse was most effective, mouthrinses containing 0Á05% CPC formulated with or without alcohol demonstrated broadspectrum antimicrobial activity against both laboratory strains and supragingival plaque bacteria compared to a control mouthrinse without CPC.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial efficacy of 0·05% cetylpyridinium chloride mouthrinses

Sreenivasan

Haraszthy²,

Zambon³

2012

Lett Appl Microbiol

100

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“…Additionally, QACs in general improve their antimicrobial efficacy in Gram-negative bacteria by selfenhancing their influx rate through the damaged cell wall (21). Thereby, susceptibility to CPC is independent of the amount of CPC bound by bacteria, as shown already in 1975 for Escherichia coli (28). The surfactant properties of QACs like CPC further enhance their efficacy at a macrobiological level, as they can cover irregular surfaces evenly (21,22).…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Cetylpyridinium Chloride: Mechanism of Action, Antimicrobial Efficacy in Biofilms, and Potential Risks of Resistance

Mao

Auer

Buchalla

et al. 2020

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

127

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Antimicrobial resistance is a serious issue for public health care all over the world. While resistance toward antibiotics has attracted strong interest among researchers and the general public over the last 2 decades, the directly related problem of resistance toward antiseptics and biocides has been somewhat left untended. In the field of dentistry, antiseptics are routinely used in professional care, but they are also included in lots of oral care products such as mouthwashes or dentifrices, which are easily available for consumers over-the-counter. Despite this fact, there is little awareness among the dental community about potential risks of the widespread, unreflected, and potentially even needless use of antiseptics in oral care. Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), a quaternary ammonium compound, which was first described in 1939, is one of the most commonly used antiseptics in oral care products and included in a wide range of over-the-counter products such as mouthwashes and dentifrices. The aim of the present review is to summarize the current literature on CPC, particularly focusing on its mechanism of action, its antimicrobial efficacy toward biofilms, and on potential risks of resistance toward this antiseptic as well as underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, this work aims to raise awareness among the dental community about the risk of resistance toward antiseptics in general.

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“…5). The reason for the high efficacy of the diluted CPC solution may be that a biofilm susceptibility to CPC treatment depends on the amount of CPC bounded directly to the bacterial cell membrane and not on the total amount of bound CPC molecules, as shown by Caputo et al [34]. CPC-EO, the solution where CPC was supplemented with EOs' components, including eucalyptol, menthol, methyl salicylate and carvone, was the most effective against S. aureus biofilm comparing to other tested mouthrinses (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The antibiofilm activity of selected substances used in oral health prophylaxis

et al. 2022

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Oral health is a window to a patient’s general well-being. Balance in oral microbiome functions is crucial for health maintenance. A state of oral dysbiosis may lead to a variety of local and systemic pathological conditions. The presence of dental plaque is related to the majority of oral infections. Proper oral hygiene is crucial and the most economic practice contributing to oral health prophylaxis. Aside from prophylactic treatments provided by dental practitioners, mouth rinses, containing antimicrobial agents, are one of the possible tools used for oral care. Our study was to determine whether available mouth rinses and selected products dedicated for professional use are efficient to eradicate biofilm formed by reference and clinical strains of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mitis, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Candida albicans on the surface of hydroxyapatite – major mineral component of a tooth. Therefore, such antimicrobials as chlorhexidine, cetylpyridine chloride, polyhexanide, silver nanoparticles, sulphonated phenolics, and natural antiplaque essential oils and coconut oil were analyzed. Applied experimental settings in in vitro models were designed to reflect accurately the recommended use of the tested substances, therefore four types of eradication procedure were conducted. Sialorrhea simulation was also performed to evaluate antibiofilm potential of diluted mouth rinses. Biofilm was investigated with quantitative method where absorbance values were measured. Statistical differences were assessed using the Kruskal–Wallis test with a post-hoc Dunnett’s analysis. Results have shown that biofilms displayed a diversified sensitivity to the tested antimicrobials. The highest antibiofilm activity was detected for cetylpyridine chloride while the lowest for chlorhexidine. However the differences in E. faecalis biofilm reduction observed after the use of these two compounds were not statistically significant (p > 0.05), whereas all observed differences in S. aureus survival after exposure to the examined antimicrobial agents were statistically significant (p < 0.5). The PHMB, both in standard and in sialorrhea simulated conditions had the highest potential against streptococci. The coconut oil reduced C. albicans fungus biofilm by 65.48% but low eradication level was observed in case of bacterial biofilms. The dehydrating mechanism of action of sulfonated phenolics turned out to be ineffective against streptococcal biofilm which in turn was effectively eradicated by silver nanoparticles. The implementation of Antibiofilm Dressing's Activity Measurement method allowed to observe strain-related differences in terms of antimicrobial sensitivity. The obtained results may be introduced in everyday out-patient dental plaque prophylaxis as well as clinical environment.

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Rapid Determination of the Amount of Cetylpyridinium Chloride Bound by Bacteria

Cited by 8 publications

References 6 publications

Antimicrobial efficacy of 0·05% cetylpyridinium chloride mouthrinses

Antimicrobial efficacy of 0·05% cetylpyridinium chloride mouthrinses

Cetylpyridinium Chloride: Mechanism of Action, Antimicrobial Efficacy in Biofilms, and Potential Risks of Resistance

The antibiofilm activity of selected substances used in oral health prophylaxis

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