Rapid Determination of Sub-ppm Heavy Metals in the Solution State via Portable X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Based on Homogeneous Liquid-Liquid Extraction in a Ternary Component System

Abstract

The rapid determination of sub-ppm heavy metals in the solution state was examined via portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) based on homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction (HoLLE) in the water-ethanol-dimethyl phthalate ternary component system. The percentage of cadmium extracted into the sedimented liquid phase was 91.3%. After phase separation, the volume ratio (Va/Vs) of the aqueous phase (Va) and the sedimented liquid phase (Vs) was 121 (29.0 → 0.240 mL). Based on an analysis of the sedimented liquid phase in the solution state via the portable XRF, the presence of cadmium was determined over a concentration range of 0.100-4.00 mg L-1 .

Simple and high-sensitivity colorimetric analysis of cadmium using homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction

“…Therefore, chloroform could not be dissolved, meaning that it eventually sedimented, as 2-propanol lost its function as a solvated molecule by dilution. Similar phase separations have been reported with water/polar organic solvent/non-polar organic solvent systems [13][14][15] . Figure 2 shows the absorption spectrum of the concentrated Cd (II)-dithizone complex by this method.…”

“…This fact indicates that this method is a simple preconcentration method yielding a high concentration rate. Therefore, this method has been applied to increase the sensitivity of several instrumental analysis techniques [10][11][12][13][14] such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) 10 . Recently, it was found that a mixture of water, 2-propanol, and chloroform generates a similar microscale water-insoluble extraction phase, and a Cd(II)-dithizone complex can be concentrated.…”

X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

“…Kato et al demonstrated a rapid determination of sub-ppm Cd in the solution state via portable XRF based on homogeneous liquidliquid extraction in the water-ethanol-dimethyl phthalate ternary component system. 6 The percentage of Cd extracted into the sedimented liquid phase was 91.3% and the volume ratio of the aqueous phase and the sedimented liquid phase was 121 (29.0 → 0.240 mL). The presence of Cd was determined over a concentration range of 0.100 -4.00 mg L -1 .…”