Rapid Determination of Phenolic Compounds in Water Samples: Development of a Paper‐based Nanobiosensor Modified with Functionalized Silica Nanoparticles and Potato Tissue

Abstract

In this study, we present a fast, simple, low‐cost and disposable method for determination of phenolic content in water samples, using a paper based polyphenol oxidase biosensor. The propylamine functionalized silica nanoparticles was dropped onto a paper sheet. After drying at room temperature, the potato tissue extract including polyphenol oxidase was immobilized on the paper via physical and chemical adsorption. The modified paper was placed on the top of the graphite screen printed electrode. To construct of an electrochemical nanobiosensor, the electrochemical behavior of the modified electrode in different steps was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy methods. After being optimized the effective parameters, the changes in the biosensor electrochemical response vs. to the different concentrations of the substrate (phenol solution) were monitored by differential pulse voltammetry and amperometry methods. The linear relationships for phenol detection were obtained in the concentration ranges of 0.01–160 μM and 0.1–300 μM with a detection limit of 0.007 μM and 0.042 μM with DPV and amperometry methods, respectively. This method was successfully used in the voltammetric determination of the phenol content in the real samples, like the river water and the wastewater of wood factory.

Paper-Based Screen-Printed Electrodes: A New Generation of Low-Cost Electroanalytical Platforms

“…As mentioned before, besides being a flat substrate, paper can have other utilities such as storage of reagents or sample [ 84 , 85 ], support for (biological) reactions [ 42 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 ], or platform for taking [ 67 , 90 ] or treating the sample (e.g., preconcentration [ 81 , 91 ] or separation [ 79 , 92 , 93 ]). Taking this into account, paper-based electroanalytical devices integrating SPEs can be designed in different formats: (i) combining paper with a SPE card fabricated on ceramic or polymeric materials [ 79 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 91 , 92 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 ]; (ii) combining one electrode of the electrochemical cell (e.g., WE) made on paper with other electrodes (e.g., RE and CE) of a SPE card printed on a conventional material [ 42 , 103 , 104 , 105 ]; and (iii) printing the SPE directly on paper [ 5 , 106 , 107 , 108 ]. In the last case, 2D devices are the most basic but, by stacking and/or folding the paper along the vertical axis, devices with 3D formats (multilayer and origami) can be easily constructed.…”

“…In the case of the lowest degree of integration (paper and SPE ceramic card), the paper is mainly used as support for biological components (enzymes [ 85 , 86 , 95 , 97 , 98 , 99 ], but also antibodies [ 87 ] or nucleic acids [ 88 ]) where reactions with components of the sample take place. Paper was also used as a medium for cell culture.…”

Development of Apple Tissue and Acid Treated Multi Walled Carbon Nanotube Based Amperometric Biosensor for Phenol Detection

“…However, these methods suffer from the need of overpriced equipment, tedious sample preparation procedures and well-trained personnel. Fabrication of efficient electrochemical biosensors have presented a new route for the practical detection of phenolic compounds with improved sensitivity and accuracy in recent years [6][7][8][9]. Most of the fabricated biosensors are based on enzymatic principle and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), laccase and peroxidase have been widely utilized as the biorecognition element within this scope [7,10,11].…”

“…Fabrication of efficient electrochemical biosensors have presented a new route for the practical detection of phenolic compounds with improved sensitivity and accuracy in recent years [6][7][8][9]. Most of the fabricated biosensors are based on enzymatic principle and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), laccase and peroxidase have been widely utilized as the biorecognition element within this scope [7,10,11]. As an alternative to the requirement of extremely pure enzymes with retained maximum enzymatic activity on the immobilized surface, plant tissues have come to prominent by serving preserved enzymatic activity due to the existence of enzymes in their native microenvironment [7,12].…”

“…Most of the fabricated biosensors are based on enzymatic principle and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), laccase and peroxidase have been widely utilized as the biorecognition element within this scope [7,10,11]. As an alternative to the requirement of extremely pure enzymes with retained maximum enzymatic activity on the immobilized surface, plant tissues have come to prominent by serving preserved enzymatic activity due to the existence of enzymes in their native microenvironment [7,12]. Crude plant tissues and tissue homogenates of banana, mushroom, apple, pear, coconut, potato and eggplant have been successfully used for the determination of phenolic compounds such as phenol, catechol, bisphenol-A, dopamine, hydroquinone, salicylic acid and L-dopa [12][13][14][15][16][17][18].…”