Rapid determination of benzodiazepines, zolpidem and their metabolites in urine using direct injection liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Jeong, Yu-dong; Kim, Min Kyung; Suh, Sung Ill; In, Moon Kyo; Kim, Jin Young; Paeng, Ki‐Jung

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.07.043

Cited by 27 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Zolpidem has been determined in several biological matrices (oral fluid, hair, plasma, nails, serum, urine and blood) and by several methods: capillary electrophoresis (Hempel & Blaschke, 1996), radioimmunoassay (de Clerck & Daenens, 1997), reversed-phase chromatography with fluorescence (Ptacek, Macek, & Klima, 1997), gas chromatography (Gaillard, Gay-Montchamp, & Ollagnier, 1993;Stanke, Jourdil, Lauby, & Bessard, 1996), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), HPLC with fluorimetric or UV detection (Ascalone, Flaminio, Guinebault, Thenot, & Morselli, 1992;Debailleul, Khalil, & Lheureux, 1991;Durol & Greenblatt, 1997;Guinebault, Dubruc, Hermann, & Thenot, 1986;Nirogi, Kandikere, Shrivasthava, & Mudigonda, 2006;Tracqui, Kintz, & Mangin, 1993), GC/MS (Keller, Schneider, & Tutsch-Bauer, 1999;Lichtenwalner & Tully, 1997;Wang, Sun, & Lau, 1999), LC/MS (Giroud, Augsburger, Menetrey, & Mangin, 2003), LC/MS/MS (Byeon et al, 2015;Jang et al, 2013;Jeong et al, 2015;Miyaguchi, 2013;Moretti et al, 2018), UHPLC/MS/MS (Eliassen & Kristoffersen, 2014;Marin, Roberts, Wood, & McMillin, 2012), UHPLC-Q-TOF-LC/MS (Kronstrand et al, 2018) and UPLC-MS-MS (Reddy, Bapuji, Rao, Himabindu, & Ravinder, 2012). The HPLC or UPLC coupled to tandem mass spectrometry in plasma has an LOQ of 0.1-1.8 ng/ml, RT 0.7-1.76 min, run time 2.5-4.5 min, liquid-liquid extraction, 100 μl of plasma (Byeon et al, 2015;Marin et al, 2012;Reddy et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative bioavailability of two zolpidem hemitartrate formulations in healthy human Brazilian volunteers using high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry

Mendes

Pereira

Rodrigues

et al. 2020

Biomedical Chromatography

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To assess the bioequivalence of two zolpidem hemitartrate formulations in 30 healthy volunteers. Plasma samples were obtained over a 24 h period. Plasma concentrations of zolpidem were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry with positive ion electrospray ionization using multiple reaction monitoring. Values of peak concentration (Cmax), area under curve (AUC), half‐life, elimination constant, volume of distribution and clearance showed statistically significant differences when comparing women (604.34 ng h/ml, 127.36 ng/ml, 4.4 h, 0.18 1/h, 50.56 L and 8.55 L/h, respectively) and men (276.1 ng h/ml, 70.9 ng/ml, 3.3 h, 0.26 1/h, 91.42 L and 24.34 L/h, respectively), receiving the same dose (5 mg), respectively. The geometric means with corresponding 90% confidence interval for Test/Reference percentage ratios were 99.73% (CI 93.69–106.16) for Cmax, 97.44% (90% CI = 91.85–103.37%) for area under curve of plasma concentration until the last concentration observed (AUClast) and 98.30% (90% CI = 92.48–104.49) for the area under curve between the first sample (pre‐dosage) and infinity (AUC0–inf). Since the 90% CI for AUClast, AUC0–inf and Cmax ratios were within the 80–125% interval proposed by the US Food and Drug Administration, it was concluded that zolpidem hemitartrate formulation (5 mg orodispersible tablet) is bioequivalent to the zolpidem hemitartrate formulation (Patz SL 5 mg sublingual tablet) with regard to both the rate and the extent of absorption. A new formulation of zolpidem 2.5 mg may be useful in women for the same clinical benefits as the 5 mg formulation in men.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative bioavailability of two zolpidem hemitartrate formulations in healthy human Brazilian volunteers using high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry

Mendes

Pereira

Rodrigues

et al. 2020

Biomedical Chromatography

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“…Different chromatographic techniques have been used for the development of sensitive methodologies, such as GC combined with an electron capture detector [62–65] or MS [66–69], and LC combined with MS [70, 71], MS/MS [30, 61, 72–76], ultraviolet detection [77, 78], diode array detector [79] or photodiode array detection [71]. …”

Section: Determination Of Fonazepam In Biological Specimensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolites replace the parent drug in the drug arena. The cases of fonazepam and nifoxipam

et al. 2016

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Fonazepam (desmethylflunitrazepam) and nifoxipam (3-hydroxy-desmethylflunitrazepam) are benzodiazepine derivatives and active metabolites of flunitrazepam. They recently invaded the drug arena as substances of abuse and alerted the forensic community after being seized in powder and tablet forms in Europe between 2014 and 2016. A review of all the existing knowledge of fonazepam and nifoxipam is reported, concerning their chemistry, synthesis, pharmacology and toxicology, prevalence/use, biotransformation and their analysis in biological samples. To our knowledge, fonazepam and nifoxipam-related intoxications, lethal or not, have not been reported in the scientific literature. All the available information was gathered through a detailed search of PubMed and the World Wide Web.

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“…Several articles have been published using different work‐up procedures designed for the detection of different analytes of interest, and a wide variety of substances can be detected in blood or also in urine in a single analysis . In some cases, there is no previous knowledge about the poisoning history of the patient.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[6][7][8][9][10][11] Several articles have been published using different work-up procedures designed for the detection of different analytes of interest, and a wide variety of substances can be detected in blood or also in urine in a single analysis. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18] In some cases, there is no previous knowledge about the poisoning history of the patient. Then the preliminary screening procedures are necessary for the identification of the possible substance(s) involved.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A fast and simple approach for the quantification of 40 illicit drugs, medicines, and pesticides in blood and urine samples by UHPLC‐MS/MS

Oliveira

Zucoloto

Oliveira³

et al. 2019

J Mass Spectrom

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A fast and simple approach to overcome challenges in emergency toxicological analysis, using ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐MS/MS) has been developed, for the detection of analytes in blood and urine samples from the following drug classes: analgesics, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, drugs of abuse, and pesticides. These substances are relevant in the context of emergency toxicology in Brazil. The sample preparation procedure was relatively easy and fast to perform. The method was fully validated giving limits of in the range of 0.5 and 20 ng mL−1 for blood and urine samples. The intraday and interday precision and accuracy were considered adequate for all analytes once the relative standard deviation (RSD) (%) was lower than 20% for quality control (QC) low and lower than 15% for CQ medium and high. The developed method was successfully applied to 320 real samples collected at the Poison Control Center of São Paulo, and 89.1% have shown to be positive for some of the analytes. This confirms its applicability and importance to emergency toxicological analysis, and it could be very useful in both fields of clinical and forensic toxicology.

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Rapid determination of benzodiazepines, zolpidem and their metabolites in urine using direct injection liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Cited by 27 publications

References 25 publications

Comparative bioavailability of two zolpidem hemitartrate formulations in healthy human Brazilian volunteers using high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry

Comparative bioavailability of two zolpidem hemitartrate formulations in healthy human Brazilian volunteers using high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry

Metabolites replace the parent drug in the drug arena. The cases of fonazepam and nifoxipam

A fast and simple approach for the quantification of 40 illicit drugs, medicines, and pesticides in blood and urine samples by UHPLC‐MS/MS

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