Rapid determination of amide herbicides in environmental water samples with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction prior to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Abstract

This paper describes a novel, simple and environmentally friendly method for rapid determination of the amide herbicides metoalchlor, acetochlor, and butachlor. It is based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Factors that may influence the enrichment efficiency, such as type and volume of extraction solvent, type and volume of dispersive solvent, extraction time, and content of NaCl, were investigated and optimized in detail. Under the optimum conditions, the limits of detection of metoalchlor, acetochlor, and butachlor were 0.02, 0.04, and 0.003 microg L(-1), respectively. The experimental results indicated that there was linearity over the range 0.1-50 microg L(-1) and good reproducibility with relative standard deviations over the range 1.6-3.0% (n = 5). The proposed method has been applied for the analysis of real-world water samples, and satisfactory results were achieved. Average recoveries of spiked herbicides were in the range 80.3-108.8%. All of these indicated that the developed method would be an efficient method for simultaneous determination of the three herbicides in environmental water samples.

Sensitive determination of amide herbicides in environmental water samples by a combination of solid‐phase extraction and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction prior to GC–MS

“…Since the DLLME conditions had been optimized in our previous research [24], those results were used in this work. Only the SPE conditions together with some notable parameters in the SPE -DLLME combination were studied.…”

“…A previous study showed that, among the three solvents methanol, acetonitrile, and acetone, acetone can achieve the highest enrichment factors [24]. At the same time, this solvent has advantages such as lower toxicity, lower cost, and so on.…”

Rapid Enrichment and Sensitive Determination of Tetrabromobisphenol A in Environmental Water Samples with Ionic Liquid Dispersive Liquid-Phase Microextraction Prior to HPLC–ESI-MS–MS

“…The method has the obvious advantages of high recovery and enrichment factor, simplicity, rapidness, and low cost [8,9]. It has been widely applied for the enrichment and determination of environmental pollutants in environmental samples [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. DLPME has obtained great attention from the sample pretreatment researchers because of its obvious advantages, but has the demerit of using toxic organic solvents in the microextraction.…”

Rapid Determination of Benzene Derivatives in Water Samples by Trace Volume Solvent DLLME prior to GC-FID

“…In DLLME procedure, methanol, ethanol, acetone and acetonitrile are the most common dispersion solvents with volume between 0.5 and 1.5 mL [4,6,8,10]. In our previous research [11][12][13], more than 0.5 mL organic solvent was employed as dispersion solvent. However, in DLLME, the relative large volume of dispersion solvent results in lower enrichment factor (EF) stemed from diminished polarity of aqueous phase by addition of the organic solvent.…”