Rapid detection of volatile organic compounds in the subsurface by membrane introduction into a direct sampling ion-trap mass spectrometer

Costanza, Jed; Davis, W. M.

doi:10.1002/1520-6521(2000)4:5<246::aid-fact4>3.0.co;2-w

Cited by 21 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…The sample is captured and transported to the surface by a carrier gas where analysis occurs via the direct sampling ion-trap mass spectrometer (ITMS). Results of field demonstration of the ITMS-MIP showed that the system could provide quantitative estimates of the distribution of subsurface contamination with depth in saturated soil [2].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 55%

An ion mobility spectrometer sensor system for subsurface use

Morgos

Geroy

Sevier

et al. 2009

Int. J. Ion Mobil. Spec.

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An ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) probe system for real-time, subsurface soil-gas sampling applications is presented. The system includes an IMS and supporting electronics encased in a 51 mm diameter stainless steel probe housing. The IMS was challenged in the laboratory with 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine (DtBP) and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) in zero air yielding reduced ion mobility constants (K o ) values of 1.42 cm 2 /Vs (n=3) and 1.79±0.01 cm 2 /Vs (n=3), respectively. A resolving power of 38 and 31 was obtained for DtBP and PCE, respectively. The system was deployed at a PCE-contaminated site to demonstrate its performance under field conditions. PCE was detected in the vapor samples as evidenced by peaks with a K o value of 1.80± 0.01 cm 2 /Vs for two measurements that were taken 6 min apart. The presence of PCE at the contaminated site was confirmed by GC-MS analysis of a gas sample at an EPAcertified laboratory, suggesting that this IMS system can be used to detect PCE under field conditions.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 55%

An ion mobility spectrometer sensor system for subsurface use

Morgos

Geroy

Sevier

et al. 2009

Int. J. Ion Mobil. Spec.

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“…After the first penetration into the upper phase boundary of the source zone and its resulting carry‐over effect on the transfer line, gas samples at different depths are not representative for this depth. The concept of analyzing gas samples from different depths with sample loops, sorbent trapping or freeze trapping (Constanza and Davis 2000; Rogge et al 2001; Bronders et al 2009; Robbat et al 2010) to be able to characterize depth‐dependent substance distributions must therefore be seen as critical. Results obtained using the MIP system coupled with the mobile mass spectrometer showed that the superposition of substances is complex and nonlinear.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carry‐Over Effects of the Membrane Interface Probe

Bumberger¹,

Radny

Berndsen³

et al. 2011

Groundwater

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The membrane interface probe (MIP) is widely used to characterize the subsurface distribution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). One problem that arises during MIP application is that disproportionately high MIP signals are obtained after passing source zones which contain mobile or residual phases. This serious problem occurs because of a carry-over effect, in particular caused by compound-specific retention times in the conventional unheated transfer line, commonly used during such an investigation. The objective of this study was to perform a qualitative methodical field evaluation of the carry-over effect of a conventional MIP system with a conventional unheated transfer line. This was achieved by coupling a mobile mass spectrometer to the MIP device. Results obtained were then further compared with those achieved using a laser induced fluorescence (LIF) system. Because of this coupling, time- and depth-dependent signals for different substances became known. Field evaluation data obtained showed complex superpositions of compounds with MIP system results. As a result of this superposition, MIP signals from the saturated zone beneath the source zone (zone with free and/or residual phase) are blurred and are therefore not representative of particular depths. However, utilizing multidirectional probing alongside conventional MIP probing (forwards and backwards), it was possible to detect the upper and lower phase boundary of the source zone. These MIP results correlated excellently with the LIF results. An important conclusion that can be drawn from the field investigation is that coupling a mobile mass spectrometer to the MIP system enables advanced MIP signal interpretation to be successfully achieved.

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“…Attaching various probes to the ends of the rods enables high‐resolution logging and the collection of soil, gas and groundwater samples (Dietrich and Leven ). In the present study, the MIP system (Geoprobe Systems, USA) was used for the detection of VOCs such as chlorinated hydrocarbons (e.g., Christy ; Costanza and Davis ; McAndrews et al . ; McCall et al .…”

Section: Direct‐push In Situ Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of organic‐contaminated ground by a combination of electromagnetic mapping and direct‐push in situ measurements

Mitsuhata

Ando²,

Imasato³

et al. 2013

Near Surface Geophysics

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Contamination of soil and groundwater by synthetic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and hydrocarbons has recently raised public concern. Geophysical techniques are frequently used to characterize contaminated sites and to specify subsurface contaminant plumes in Europe and America, but there have been very few such surveys in Japan. Electromagnetic (EM) induction mapping was applied to investigate a contaminated site on reclaimed land near a harbour in central Japan. The use of EM mapping enabled efficient coverage of a study area in the site and imaging of the subsurface resistivity distribution down to approximately 10 m. In situ direct‐push membrane interface probe (MIP) and electrical conductivity (EC) in situ measurements were also performed as more direct sensing techniques, and the results were compared with soil core samples. The results suggest that the first and second conductive zones mapped by this investigation correspond to clayey soil zones that act as barriers to prevent the infiltration of contaminants. In addition, the in situ MIP measurements and laboratory analyses indicate multiple occurrences of contamination by VOCs and oil. Although EM mapping was not able to clearly specify a contaminant plume, it was demonstrated as a useful technique to delineate the infiltration pathways of contaminants by illustrating the subsurface distributions of clayey zones. In addition, the combination of direct‐push in situ measurements and EM mapping is demonstrated as an essential characterization strategy to verify the interpreted resistivity structure and to determine the relationship between the heterogeneous resistivity and contaminant distribution.

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Rapid detection of volatile organic compounds in the subsurface by membrane introduction into a direct sampling ion-trap mass spectrometer

Cited by 21 publications

References 6 publications

An ion mobility spectrometer sensor system for subsurface use

An ion mobility spectrometer sensor system for subsurface use

Carry‐Over Effects of the Membrane Interface Probe

Characterization of organic‐contaminated ground by a combination of electromagnetic mapping and direct‐push in situ measurements

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