Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Using Electrochemical Impedance-Based Detector

Abstract

Emerging novel human contagious viruses and pathogens put humans at risk of hospitalization and possibly death due to the unavailability of vaccines and drugs which may take years to develop. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was classified as a pandemic by theWorld Health Organization and has caused over 550,000 deaths worldwide as of July 2020. Accurate and scalable point-of-care devices would increase screening, diagnosis, and monitoringof COVID-19 patients. Here, we demonstrate rapid label-free electrochemical detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using a commercially available impedance sensing platform. A 16-well plate containing sensing electrodes was pre-coated with receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, and subsequently tested with samples of anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody CR3022 (0.1 μg/ml, 1.0 μg/ml, 10 μg/ml). Subsequent blinded testing was performed on six serum specimens taken from COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients (1:100 dilution factor). The platformwas able to differentiate spikes in impedance measurements from a negative control (1~ milk solution) for all CR3022 samples. Further, successful differentiation and detection of all positive clinical samples from negative control was achieved. Measured impedance values were consistent when compared to standard ELISA test results showing a strong correlation between them (R2 = 0:9). Detection occurs in less than five minutes and the well-based platform provides a simplified and familiar testing interface that can be readily adaptable for use in clinical settings.

CeO2@NH2 functionalized electrodes for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain

“…15 The electrochemical biosensor detection method is rapid, low cost, easy operation, small sample size, and portable, allowing on-the-spot testing, as well as high sensitivity and selectivity for medical sample analysis. 13,15–20…”

“…9,10 Several studies have also reported the use of electrochemical biosensors to detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Some of them are: the electrochemical immunosensor by using a working electrode functionalized with graphene-anti-spike for detection of the RBD, 11 modication of electrode using cobalt-TiO nanotubes (Co-TNTs) monoclonal antibody as a detection platform for SARS-CoV-2, 1 modied carbon black printed electrode with magnetic beads and antibodies, 12 PET-gold electrode with monoclonal antibody, 13 functionalized gold nanoparticle (AuNP)/nCoV-19Ab), 9 e-Covsens based on SPCE-Ab nCovid-19 with uorine-doped tin oxide electrode (FTO-AuNPs), 14 and a ProtA/CuONC nano-bio device-SPCE as a substrate to direct the orientation of IgG antibodies, as a specic receptor for the detection of spike glycoproteins. 15 The electrochemical biosensor detection method is rapid, low cost, easy operation, small sample size, and portable, allowing on-the-spot testing, as well as high sensitivity and selectivity for medical sample analysis.…”

“…15 The electrochemical biosensor detection method is rapid, low cost, easy operation, small sample size, and portable, allowing on-the-spot testing, as well as high sensitivity and selectivity for medical sample analysis. 13,[15][16][17][18][19][20] The use of antibodies as a bioreceptor molecules has several disadvantages because they are large molecules susceptible to high temperatures and changes in pH so they can be easily denatured. 21 The aptamer is a single-strand DNA or RNA oligonucleotide that has a secondary structure that can interact with antigens.…”

Surface plasmon resonance aptasensor based on niobium carbide MXene quantum dots for nucleocapsid of SARS-CoV-2 detection

“…Alternatively, antibodies, such as IgM and IgG, from patient samples can also be detected to probe the infection history [8]. Diverse techniques have been developed to analyze SARS-CoV2, such as real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [9], colorimetric assay [10], surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and localized SPR [11], electrochemical approaches [9,[12][13][14][15], optics methods [16,17], optical/ chemiluminescence immunosensors [18], fluorescent technique [19], wearable sensor [20], and isothermal rolling circle amplification (RCA) [21]. Although many studies have focused on the sensitive determination methods of SARS-CoV-2 [22][23][24][25], COVID-19 has resulted in a heavy burden for health systems and human society.…”