Rapid Detection of pM Concentration of Insulin Using Microwave Whispering Gallery Mode

Verma, Ritika; Daya, K. S.

doi:10.1109/jsen.2017.2658637

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 23 publications

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“…The electromagnetic (em) resonance of proteins in the milliseconds and nanosecond time domains has been measured since the 1930s [12][13][14][15][16][17] as kHz and GHz resonance frequencies, respectively. The report of GHz em resonance is much older than the millisecond ionic resonance of proteins first observed experimentally in the 1980s-through ionic spike was theoretically proposed in 1907 [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Filaments and four ordered structures inside a neuron fire a thousand times faster than the membrane: theory and experiment

Singh¹,

Sahoo²,

Ghosh³

et al. 2021

Journal of Integrative Neuroscience

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The current action potential paradigm considers that all components beneath the neuron membrane are inconsequential. Filamentary communication is less known to the ionic signal transmission; recently, we have proposed that the two are intimately linked through time domains. We modified the atom probe-connected dielectric resonance scanner to operate in two-time domains, milliseconds and microseconds simultaneously for the first time. We resonate the ions for imaging rather than neutralizing them as patch clamps do; resonant transmission images the ion flow 10 3 times faster than the existing methods. We revisited action potential-related events by scanning in and around the axon initial segment (AIS). Four ordered structures in the cytoskeletal filaments exchange energy ~250 µs before a neuron fires, editing spike-time-gap-key to the brain's cognition. We could stop firing above a threshold or initiate a fire by wirelessly pumping electromagnetic signals. We theoretically built AIS, whose simulated electromagnetic energy exchange matched the experiment. Thus far, the scanner could detect & link uncorrelated biological events unfolding over 10 6 orders in the time scale simultaneously. Our experimental findings support a new dielectric resonator model of neuron functioning in various time domains, thus suggesting the dynamic anatomy of electrical activity as information-rich.

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