Rapid Conjugate Appearance of the Giant Ionospheric Lamb Wave in the Northern Hemisphere After Hunga-Tonga Volcano Eruptions

Significant Ionospheric Hole and Equatorial Plasma Bubbles After the 2022 Tonga Volcano Eruption

“…(2022); or an alternative explanation, as suggested by Lin et al. (2022) and also implied from the vertical plasma drift spike, is that this was more like a conjugate disturbance signature due to instantaneous magnetic field mapping effect of polarization electric field induced by significant zonal wind perturbation due to volcano‐induced AGWs. Future modeling effort and data analysis is still needed to further verify the exact mechanism of this fast conjugate response, which is beyond the scope of the current paper.…”

Unseasonal super ionospheric plasma bubble and scintillations seeded by the 2022 Tonga Volcano Eruption related perturbations

“…In the field of space weather, the sudden injection of energy and momentum into the atmosphere due to volcanic eruptions could produce various waves, propagating long distances and disturbing the background atmosphere and ionosphere (e.g., Cheng and Huang, 1992). The most recent Hunga-Tonga volcano eruptions on 15 January 2022 is considered as the most significant explosion in the last 30 years, releasing enormous energy and inducing globally propagating waves disturbing the ionosphere to a large extent which was reported in several recent papers (e.g., Lin et al, 2022;Zhang et al, 2022).…”

Impacts of the January 2022 Tonga Volcanic Eruption on the Ionospheric Dynamo: ICON‐MIGHTI and Swarm Observations of Extreme Neutral Winds and Currents

“…(2022) presented ionospheric TIDs with phase speeds, horizontal wavelengths, and arrival times inconsistent with the Lamb wave, speculating that the observed TEC signatures likely arrived by indirect paths from Tonga. The signal can also be transmitted to the opposite hemisphere, which has been proposed to explain the appearance of TIDs over Japan ahead of the Lamb wave (Lin et al., 2022). Conjugate effects were also suggested by Themens et al.…”

“…As such, the ionosphere, readily observed by ground-based instruments, can function as a sensitive monitor of atmospheric disturbances. Initial Total Electron Content (TEC) observations have reported Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances (TIDs) propagating globally for many hours and even days after the Tonga eruption (Aa et al, 2022;Lin et al, 2022;Themens et al, 2022;Zhang et al, 2022). Estimates of the horizontal wavelength of TIDs in the far field (i.e., at distances >3,000 km from the eruption) range from 300 to 1,000 km (Wright et al, 2022;Zhang et al, 2022).…”