Rapid Colorimetric Method to Detect Indole in Shrimp with Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Confirmation

Snellings, S.L.; Takenaka, Norimichi; Kim-Hayes, Y.; Miller, Dwight W.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb09682.x

Cited by 24 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…Indole has been used as an indicator of spoilage in shrimp (Snellings et al, 2003). In this study indole could be detected using scan mode when the sample was heated (99.7°C).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Trimethylamine (TMA), a volatile amine, is responsible for an unpleasant fishy odor and is used as a quality index for seafood (Spink et al, 1996). Indole has been used as a spoilage indicator for shrimp and other crustaceans (Snellings, Takenaka, Kim-Hayes, & Miller, 2003). Other compounds produced during spoilage include hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, and methyl mercaptan from sulfur-containing amino acids; various amines, ammonia, skatole, putrescine, and cadaverine from amino acids; lower fatty acids from sugars such as glucose and ribose; carbonyl compounds from lipids (Avery & Lamprecht, 1988;Smith, Nickelson, Martin, & Finne, 1984;Watts & Brown, 1982).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of crab meat volatiles as possible spoilage indicators for blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) meat by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

et al. 2010

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a b s t r a c tTraditionally crab meat spoilage has been evaluated using sensory panels. A method was developed using solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) to examine the aroma profile of blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) for chemical indicators of spoilage. The chemicals found to correlate best with spoilage were trimethylamine (TMA), ammonia, and indole over a period of 7 days. In addition, chemicals previously not identified in the aroma profile of blue crab were tentatively detected. Scan mode of the mass spectrometer was used to qualitatively determine compounds extracted from the volatile profile of spoiling blue crab by the SPME fiber. Selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode of the mass spectrometer improved resolution, identified compounds at low concentrations, and allowed spoilage related compounds to be detected in one chromatographic run without sample heating. TMA increased linearly. A significant difference in TMA concentrations were found for day 0 and day 4 samples. Indole concentrations corresponded well with sensory and microbial evaluations, in early, mid, and highly spoiled crab meat samples.

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“…Indole has been used as an indicator of spoilage in shrimp (Snellings et al, 2003). In this study indole could be detected using scan mode when the sample was heated (99.7°C).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of crab meat volatiles as possible spoilage indicators for blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) meat by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

et al. 2010

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“…Here, indole and skatole result from the microbial degradation of tryptophan in the intestine of the pig. Indole may be found in decaying shrimps as well, also from the decomposition of tryptophan through the action of bacteria such as Vibrios , Pseudomonas , or Shawenella . Its occurrence results also in both unpleasant smell and taste for the consumers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous detection of indole and 3‐methylindole using boron‐doped diamond electrodes

Belghiti

Scorsone

Sanoit

et al. 2016

Physica Status Solidi (a)

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The simultaneous electrodetection of indole and 3methylindole was investigated in this paper. The detection was performed using a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode to take advantage of its remarkable electrochemical properties (Fujishima et al., Diamond Electrochemistry (Elsevier, 2005) [1]. In order to improve the selectivity between indole and 3-methylindole, square-wave voltammetry (SWV) was used. We showed that BDD electrodes fouled either from oxidation of indole or 3-methylindole could be efficiently reactivated in LiClO 4 aqueous solutions using trains of short anodic and cathodic pulses applied to the working electrode. We were able with this approach to measure simultaneously both indole and 3-methylindole in aqueous solutions in the range of 10-500 mM with the limits of detection (LOD) found to be 3 Â 10 À2 mM for indole and 5 Â 10 À2 mM for 3-methylindole. Both indoles were also detected successfully following extraction from pork fat. This work opens up the way toward systematic detection of indole and 3-methylindole in processed foodstuffs, with a strong industrial interest for the detection of boar taint in pork meat.

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“…The end of one arm contained 0.04 ml indole (Sigma-Aldrich Company Ltd.) dissolved in a solution of water and ethanol (40 mg in a solution of 98% water and 2% ethanol), and the other arm contained 0.04 ml of the solvent (2% ethanol, 98% water). The concentration of indole used was determined by analyzing fecal samples with the GC-MS (Snellings et al, 2003) and was based on the amount found present in feces from sick hedgehogs.…”

Section: Bioassaymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Fecal Odor of Sick Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) Mediates Olfactory Attraction of the Tick Ixodes hexagonus

et al. 2011

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Parasite loads of animals vary among individuals, but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully identified. Here, we investigated whether health status of hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) is correlated with tick burden, and whether chemical cues linked to the health status of the host mediate attraction of the tick Ixodes hexagonus. An ecological survey conducted over 10 years, involving 226 wild hedgehogs, revealed a strong association between health status and tick burden of hedgehogs, with healthy animals being less likely to carry ticks than unhealthy ones. Behavioral choice tests demonstrated that ticks display a preference for the fecal odor from sick hedgehogs compared with healthy ones. Chemical analysis of fecal odors using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed differences in the odor profile between sick and healthy hedgehogs. Sick animals tended to exhibit raised levels of the volatile aromatic heterocyclic compound indole in their feces. Ticks were attracted to indole when given the choice between indole and a solvent control. However, fecal matter from healthy hosts, with the addition of indole, was not attractive to ticks, suggesting that indole interacts with other, undetected compounds in mediating attraction. This study implies that it is the attraction to fecal odor that causes higher tick burdens in sick hedgehogs. Ticks might benefit from this preference by avoiding possible repulsion mechanisms of healthy hosts. We suggest that ticks potentially choose their host based on odor linked to the host's health status.

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Rapid Colorimetric Method to Detect Indole in Shrimp with Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Confirmation

Cited by 24 publications

References 29 publications

Analysis of crab meat volatiles as possible spoilage indicators for blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) meat by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Analysis of crab meat volatiles as possible spoilage indicators for blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) meat by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Simultaneous detection of indole and 3‐methylindole using boron‐doped diamond electrodes

The Fecal Odor of Sick Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) Mediates Olfactory Attraction of the Tick Ixodes hexagonus

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