Rapid biogenic fabrication of silver nanoparticles using Ziziphus nummularia under optimised conditions and evaluation of their antimicrobial synergy

Abstract

Nanotechnology deals with the Nanoparticles having a size of 1-100 nm in one dimension used significantly concerning medical chemistry, atomic physics, and all other known fields. These particles can be prepared easily by different physical, chemical and biological approaches. But the biological approach is the most emerging approach of preparation because this method is easier than the other methods, eco-friendly and less time consuming. In this study green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of Ziziphus nummularia (ZN) was done using the magnetic stirrer method. These AgNPs were characterized by UV-vis Spectroscopy, FTIR and SEM technique and the optimization was done by varying the root extract volume, silver nitrate concentrations, pH and temperature. It was observed that ZN extract can reduce the silver ions in to AgNPs with in 30 min of reaction time. The surface plasmon resonance peak observed near 430 nm, confirmed the reduction of Ag+ to Ag0 . Maximum absorbance peak 430 nm was observed with 2mM AgNO3 solution with standard condition of 9pH and 70°C temp. at magnetic stirrer followed by 42 hrs incubation during the optimization of stable AgNPs. SEM images clearly shows that synthesized AgNPs are in spherical shape with size range 20-50 nm. FTIR clearly indicating the presence of capping and reducing agents around the AgNPs synthesised from crude extract of ZN. The biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis (a Gram-positive bacterium), Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli (a gram negative bacterium) and Aspergillus niger (plant pathogenic fungal strain), Candida albicans (human pathogenic fungal strain). This novel approach of bionanotechnology can be taken up by the researcher in near future to develop the effective bionaomedicine, biopesticides, nanofood composites etc.

A panoramic review on ethnomedicinal, therapeutic, phytochemical, and advance attributes, of the genus Ziziphus Mill., native to Pakistan

“…Kumar et al biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from roots extract of Ziziphus nummularia. The result revealed that nanoparticle possesses significant antimicrobial potential against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans strains (Kumar et al 2022). Similar improvement was observed in another study, using synthesized nanoparticles from fruit extracts of Ziziphus nummularia, which found strong potential against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, fungal strain, as well as showing better hair growth (Khalil et al 2022).…”

“…Nanotechnology is an emerging field with the application of molecular imaging, catalysis, drug discovery, and other diagnostic purposes; it involves the production of molecules with a range of 1-100 nanometers in length (Kumar et al 2022). "Green synthesis" of nanoparticles is the most fascinating technique now a day.…”

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“…The shape, size and surface area of AgNPs were studied [89]. An improvement of AFM over conventional microscopes is that it uses three-dimensional images that allow height and volume to be determined [83].…”

Application of green silver nanoparticles synthesized from the red seaweeds Halymenia porphyriformis and Solieria robusta against oral pathogenic bacteria by using microscopic technique

“…The antibacterial activity of AgNPs has been studied widely with human pathogenic agents [31][32][33]. There are innumerous microbial species in nature which are acidogenic and are involved in the origination and continuation of dental diseases in humans [34][35][36]. Streptococcus is considered to be one of the most common disease-causing agents in oral diseases [37,38], especially plaque, because of its anomalous properties of fermenting sugars and synthesizing extracellular polysaccharides [39,40].…”