Rapid Biofilm Eradication on Bone Implants Using Red Phosphorus and Near‐Infrared Light

Abstract

Bone-implant-associated infections are common after orthopedic surgery due to impaired host immune response around the implants. In particular, when a biofilm develops, the immune system and antibiotic treatment find it difficult to eradicate, which sometimes requires a second operation to replace the infected implants. Most strategies have been designed to prevent biofilms from forming on the surface of bone implants, but these strategies cannot eliminate the biofilm when it has been established in vivo. To address this issue, a nonsurgical, noninvasive treatment for biofilm infection must be developed. Herein, a red-phosphorus-IR780-arginine-glycine-aspartic-acid-cysteine coating on titanium bone implants is prepared. The red phosphorus has great biocompatibility and exhibits efficient photothermal ability. The temperature sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm is enhanced in the presence of singlet oxygen ( O ) produced by IR780. Without damaging the normal tissue, the biofilm can be eradicated through a safe near-infrared (808 nm) photothermal therapy at 50 °C in vitro and in vivo. This approach reaches an antibacterial efficiency of 96.2% in vivo with 10 min of irradiation at 50 °C. Meanwhile, arginine-glycine-aspartic-acid-cysteine decorated on the surface of the implant can improve the cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation.

Responsive and Synergistic Antibacterial Coatings: Fighting against Bacteria in a Smart and Effective Way

“…For example, Wu and coworkers developed an APDT‐enhanced APTT coating on Ti bone implants for the elimination of the already established biofilm in vivo. The coating was composed of a red phosphorus (RP) film (serves as PTA) modified with IR780 (serves as NIR PS) ( Figure a) . The synergistic action of photothermal effect of RP and photodynamic effect of IR780 could effectively eradicate the mature S. aureus biofilm without damage of normal tissue and other side effects.…”

“…a) Schematic illustration of a hybrid red phosphorus–IR780–arginine–glycine–asparticacid–cysteine (RGDC) coating on the surface of titanium bone implants for rapid eradication of biofilm under NIR irradiation. Reproduced with permission . Copyright 2018, John Wiley & Sons.…”

Corrosion Motivated ROS Generation Helps Endow Titanium with Broad‐Spectrum Antibacterial Abilities

“…Titanium and its alloys are widely used as hard tissue implants, owing to their excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility . Bacterial infection is one of the primary cause of the failure of these titanium based medical devices . Various antibiotics are applied to inhibit bacteria contamination in clinic.…”

Highly Effective and Noninvasive Near‐Infrared Eradication of a Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm on Implants by a Photoresponsive Coating within 20 Min

“…[6][7][8] Therefore, the removal of biofilm-infected implants is often the only viable remedy, which leads to a second surgery to remove an infected implant. [6][7][8] Therefore, the removal of biofilm-infected implants is often the only viable remedy, which leads to a second surgery to remove an infected implant.…”

“…2019,6, 1900599 After being cultured 1 day in the dark, the cells adhered and spread on Ti and Ti-MoS 2 -IPR, with the cell nuclei stained Adv.…”