“…A rapid method to detect microcolonies formed on an agar plate has also been developed (London et al, 2010;Ogawa et al, 2012) . In this method, an apparatus named MicroBio µ3D TM AutoScanner (Nippon Becton Dickinson Co., Ltd., Tokyo) equipped with the time-lapse shadow image analysis system is used (Ogawa et al, 2015) . The injured cells have mostly been detected and enumerated by using the double agar plating method, using both non-selective and selective media, the latter of which contains a growth-inhibiting substance selective to injured cells, e.g., sodium chloride or sodium deoxycholate.…”